Table 10.
Studies using foot function measures in observational studies
| Instrument | 1st Author | Study and objective | Population (N, Sex, Age, Dx, location) | methods & analyses | Items/domains/subscales | Response type | Summary evaluation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FFI, 2004 |
Novak, P
[4] |
Epidemiology of Type II Diabetes Mellitus |
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Correlation of pain score with 6 minute walk time; Comparing intergroup pain score |
Total N: 90; 3 groups; |
Cross-Sectional study |
FFI |
VAS scale |
High pain score correlated with shorter distance walk, group with Type II diabetes neuropathy with symptoms showed the highest pain scores |
| Descriptive & correlation statistics | |||||||
| |
|
|
Neuropathy with symptoms N: 30 Mean age 64.87 (SD=11) |
|
9 items |
|
Conclusion: useful |
| |
|
|
20 male |
|
Pain scale |
|
|
| |
|
|
Neuropathy, no symptoms N:30; Mean age: 64.87 (SD=11) |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
20 male; |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Healthy volunteers N: 30; Mean age: 64.87 (SD=11) |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
20 male; |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Slovenia |
|
|
|
|
| FFI, 2004 |
Williams, AE
[90] |
Epidemiology Rheumatic diseases |
N: 139; 39 male |
Cross sectional study |
FFI |
VAS scale |
FFI scores showed a high prevalence of foot and ankle pathologies, which indicated the need of podiatry care |
| Descriptive statistics | |||||||
| |
|
To assess foot health status |
Age: NA |
|
23 items |
|
Conclusion: useful |
| |
|
|
Inflammatory and degenerative joint diseases |
|
3 domains |
|
|
| |
|
|
UK |
|
|
|
|
| FFI, 2006 |
Williams, AE
[91] |
Epidemiology of Paget diseases of the foot Concurrent measures of FSI and quality of Life 12-items short form |
N: 134; 64 male |
Cross sectional study Descriptive statistics |
FFI |
VAS scale |
Correlations of scores were not found between instruments |
| |
|
|
Mean age: 74.5 (46–91) |
|
23 items |
|
Conclusion: not useful |
| |
|
|
UK |
|
3 domains |
|
|
| FFI, 2006 |
Rosenbaum, D
[95] |
Plantar sensitivity assesstment |
N:25; 2 male |
Observational study |
FFI 23 items 3 domains |
VAS scale |
FFI was to evaluate foot sensation related to RA |
| |
|
Rheumatoid arthritis foot |
Mean age: 55 (SD=9.9) RA; 9.6 (SD=7) |
|
|
|
Conclusion: useful |
| |
|
Evaluate the correlation of painful walking and loss of sensitivity of the plantar surface of the foot |
Germany |
|
|
|
|
| FFI, 2008 |
Schmeigel, A
[96] |
Pedobarography in rheumatoid arthritis |
N: 112; Mean age: 55 (SD=11) |
Observational |
FFI |
VAS scale |
Higher FFI scores correlated with pedograph scores |
| |
|
To evaluate the function and pedographic impairment |
RA1; N: 36; HAQ scores 0–1 |
|
23 items; 3 domains |
|
Conclusion: useful |
| |
|
Correlation of foot pain and pedograph |
3 male; Mean age: 50.6 (SD=10.5) |
|
RA1: FFI total score: 20.7 (SD=12.9) |
|
|
| |
|
|
RA2; N: 38 HAQ scores 1.1-2 |
|
RA2: FFI total score: 28.8 (SD=12.1) |
|
|
| |
|
|
1 male; Mean age: 55.2 (SD=10.4) |
|
RA3: FFI total score: 48.7 (SD=15.9) |
|
|
| RA3 N: 38 HAQ scores 2.1-3 | |||||||
| |
|
|
2 male; Mean age: 58.5 (SD=11.3) |
|
Control NA |
|
|
| |
|
|
Control N:20 Mean age: 53.2 (SD=12.3) |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Germany |
|
|
|
|
| FFI, 2010 |
Kamanli, A
[92] |
Foot Bone Mineral Density |
RA: N: 50; RA<3 yrs 1 male, 5 female |
Cross sectional study |
FFI |
VAS |
Moderate-strong correlation of FFI scores with disease duration, VAS pain scale, Stoke index, HAQ, femur bone mineral density (BMD). No correlation with foot BMD. |
| To assess the correlation of FFI scores with VAS pain scale, HAQ Ritchie articular index, and stoke index |
Descriptive statistics |
Pain scale 9 items |
|||||
| |
|
|
RA>3 yrs |
|
|
|
Conclusion: useful. |
| |
|
|
4 male, 40 female |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Mean age: 52 (SD=10.9) |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
OA: N:40; 3 male |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Mean age: 52.4 (SD=11.8) |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Healthy volunteers; N: 14 |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
Turkey |
|
|
|
|
| FFI, 2010 |
Goldstein, CL
[94] |
Foot and ankle trauma |
N: 52; 31 male |
Cross sectional study the mean duration post trauma 15.5 months (1 month-10 years) |
FFI |
VAS |
There was a high correlation among FFI scores and the 5 listed instruments. |
| |
|
Correlation of FFI, SF-12, SMFA, FAAM, AAOS, AOFAS |
Mean age: 43.3 (18–85) |
|
9 items |
|
Conclusion: useful |
| |
|
|
OA; Foot and ankle trauma |
|
Pain scale |
|
|
| |
|
|
Canada |
|
|
|
|
| FFI, 2010 |
Kavlak, Y
[93] |
Elderly men Concurrent measure with VAS pain scale, foot problem score, hind foot function scale |
N: 53; 53 male |
Cross sectional study |
FFI |
VAS scale |
FFI was simple and comprehensive and was significantly correlated with hind foot function scale, and scores of timed up and go. |
| |
|
|
Mean age: 73.8 (7.08) |
|
23 items |
|
Conclusion: useful |
| |
|
|
Foot problems |
|
3 domains |
|
|
| Turkey |