Table 1. Characteristics of the study populations of the Shanghai Women’s Health Study and Shanghai Men’s Health Study by red meat intake.* .
| Women | Men | |||
| Red meat intake | Quintile 1 | Quintile 5 | Quintile 1 | Quintile 5 |
| Number of participants | 14,633 | 14,632 | 12,226 | 12,225 |
| Age at baseline (years) | 55.2±9.5 | 50.5±8.2 | 58.2±10.3 | 52.7±8.7 |
| Education | ||||
| Elementary school or less | 24.3% | 18.3% | 7.7% | 6.4% |
| Middle school | 37.7% | 38.1% | 33.1% | 34.4% |
| High school | 26.9% | 28.4% | 36.6% | 36.5% |
| Professional education/college or higher | 11.2% | 15.1% | 22.5% | 22.7% |
| Income** | ||||
| Low | 19.1% | 16.0% | 13.8% | 13.5% |
| Lower middle | 38.7% | 38.1% | 41.3% | 43.1% |
| Upper middle | 25.7% | 28.6% | 35.0% | 33.6% |
| High | 16.5% | 17.4% | 9.8% | 9.7% |
| Occupation | ||||
| Professional workers | 25.7% | 29.9% | 26.1% | 25.5% |
| Clerical workers | 22.1% | 20.5% | 21.8% | 21.9% |
| Manual laborers | 52.2% | 49.6% | 52.1% | 52.6% |
| Smoking | ||||
| Ever smoked | 3.2% | 3.1% | 67.9% | 73.4% |
| Smoking (pack-years)*** | – | – | 23.9±0.18 | 26.8±0.16 |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||
| Ever consumed | 2.1% | 2.8% | 30.9% | 39.1% |
| Drinks (day)*** | – | – | 0.77±0.02 | 1.10±0.02 |
| Regular tea consumption | 27.6% | 31.6% | 63.2% | 70.7% |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.0±0.03 | 24.2±0.03 | 23.6±0.03 | 23.9±0.03 |
| Vitamin supplement use† | 27.6% | 31.6% | 14.0% | 13.5% |
| Physical activity (MET-hours) | 2.01±0.03 | 2.04±0.03 | 0.99±0.02 | 1.03±0.02 |
| Total caloric intake (kcal/day) | 1,454±2.9 | 1,991±2.9 | 1,647±3.9 | 2,263±3.9 |
| Red meat intake (g/day)‡ | 16.5±0.15 | 103.4±0.15 | 21.4±0.19 | 126.0±0.20 |
| Poultry intake (g/day)‡ | 11.9±0.15 | 19.9±0.15 | 11.9±0.17 | 22.3±0.18 |
| Fish intake (g/day)‡ | 51.6±0.36 | 50.8±0.37 | 50.3±0.41 | 57.9±0.43 |
| Vegetable intake (g/day)‡ | 313.9±1.34 | 288.7±1.38 | 345.2±1.68 | 350.7±1.73 |
| Fruit intake (g/day)‡ | 281.9±1.44 | 241.5±1.49 | 158.0±1.14 | 136.9±1.17 |
*
Adjusted for age at baseline survey, except for age and food intakes, and shown as mean ± standard errors; age shown as mean standard ± deviation.
**
Cut-points for income are as follows: for women: low, <10,000 yuan per household; lower middle, 10,000–19,999 yuan; upper middle, ≥20,000–29,999 yuan; and high, ≥30,000 yuan and for men: low, <500 yuan per capita; lower middle, 500–999 yuan; upper middle, 1,000–1,999 yuan; and high, ≥2,000 yuan.
***
Only smokers or alcohol consumers were included.
†
Any individual vitamin A, C, D, A/D or E supplement or multivitamins.
‡
Adjusted for age and total caloric intake.