Table 2.
Characteristics of CHF and Diabetes Cohorts, Stratified by the Care Densities
| CHF cohort | Diabetes cohort | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Care Densities* | Care Densities* | |||||||
| Lower | Middle | Upper | p-value† | Lower | Middle | Upper | p-value† | |
| N | 3,437 | 2,844 | 3,315 | 24,396 | 10,268 | 18,004 | ||
| Mean care density | 1.05 (0.21) | 2.17 (1.01) | 8.88 (8.82) | 1.01 (0.06) | 2.04 (0.84) | 6.70 (10.51) | ||
| Gender, % female | 44.90% | 44.20% | 44.90% | 0.853 | 49.60% | 53.60% | 52.50% | < 0.001 |
| Age, mean (SD) | 70.7 (11.7) | 72.6 (10.9) | 74.3 (10.5) | < 0.001 | 63.3 (11.1) | 63.6 (11.3) | 64.3 (11.5) | < 0.001 |
| ADGs, mean (SD) | 11.0 (4.0) | 11.6 (3.9) | 11.2 (3.9) | < 0.001 | 9.1 (3.9) | 9.9 (4.0) | 8.9 (3.9) | < 0.001 |
| Payer type distribution | ||||||||
| Commercial | 31.10% | 27.20% | 23.40% | 50.80% | 58.80% | 54.50% | ||
| Medicare | 52 | 61 | 69 | 31.3 | 33.1 | 35.5 | ||
| other/unknown | 16.9 | 11.8 | 7.6 | < 0.001 | 17.9 | 8.1 | 10 | < 0.001 |
| Product type distribution | ||||||||
| HMO | 31.80% | 33.60% | 38.90% | 34.20% | 52.80% | 49.30% | ||
| PPO | 54.4 | 56.2 | 54.2 | 51 | 40.7 | 41.2 | ||
| other/unknown | 13.8 | 10.2 | 6.9 | < 0.001 | 14.8 | 6.5 | 9.5 | < 0.001 |
| Number of providers, mean (SD)‡ | 2.4 (0.8) | 3.2 (1.4) | 3.1 (1.7) | < 0.001 | 2.3 (0.6) | 3.0 (1.1) | 2.5 (0.8) | < 0.001 |
| PCP seen (Yes) | 87.00% | 89.50% | 80.40% | < 0.001 | 87.70% | 88.30% | 82.30% | < 0.001 |
| UPC, mean (SD) | 64.3 (14.9) | 58.3 (16.3) | 60.7 (15.9) | < 0.001 | 63.7 (14.3) | 56.7 (15.7) | 60.7 (14.9) | < 0.001 |
| COC, mean (SD) | .44 (.20) | .39 (.19) | .42 (.19) | < 0.001 | .36 (.22) | .31 (.20) | .34 (.21) | < 0.001 |
| Total costs, mean (SD) | $30,076 ($46,129) | $32,602 ($43,471) | $26,115 ($36,350) | < 0.001 | $15,403 | $16,748 | $13,225 | < 0.001 |
| ($29,112) | ($30,129) | ($22,125) | ||||||
| Inpatient costs, mean (SD) | $14,851 ($35,403) | $16,182 ($33,847) | $11,983 ($28,158) | < 0.001 | $4,689 | $4,965 | $3,329 | < 0.001 |
| ($18,151) | ($18,114) | ($13,296) | ||||||
| Outpatient costs, mean (SD) | $12,297 ($20,166) | $13,226 ($18,431) | $11,274 ($16,239) | < 0.001 | $7,617 | $8,406 | $6,593 | < 0.001 |
| ($17,492) | ($18,635) | ($12,943) | ||||||
| Pharmacy costs, mean (SD) | $2,928 ($4,936) | $3,194 | $2,859 ($4,400) | 0.017 | $3,097 | $3,377 | $3,303 | < 0.001 |
| ($5,051) | ($5,441) | ($4,879) | ($4,932) | |||||
| Hospitalization, % | 42.20% | 45.30% | 38.40% | < 0.001 | 15.20% | 14.90% | 12.90% | < 0.001 |
| Number of hospitalizations, mean (SD) § | 1.72 (1.27) | 1.79 (1.28) | 1.69 (1.16) | < 0.001 | 1.46 (1.01) | 1.56 (1.15) | 1.42 (0.97) | < 0.001 |
*Density tertiles are plan-specific
†One-way ANOVA F tests and Pearson Chi-squared tests
‡Includes primary care doctors and cardiologists (CHF) / cardiologists, endocrinologists, ophthalmologists, podiatrists (Diabetes)
§Among patients who were hospitalized