Estimates of exposure / internal dose were made by analysis of urinary TCPy (µg/g creatinine), a chlorpyrifos-specific metabolite, in applicators, technicians, engineers and controls before and after the chlorpyrifos application (data presented as the mean ± SD, n=9 for controls and n=3 for occupational groups, note log scale). While there were no significant differences in pre- and post-application levels within a job category, there were significant differences between applicators, technicians, engineers, and controls.