Fig. 1.

ABA, H₂O₂, and CaCl₂ induce the expression of ZmCPK11 and the activity of ZmCPK11 in maize leaves. (A) Expression analysis of ZmCPK11 in leaves of maize plants exposed to ABA, H₂O₂, and CaCl₂ treatments. The detached maize plants were treated with ABA (100 µM), H₂O₂ (10mM), and CaCl₂ (10mM) for various times as indicated. The relative expression levels of the ZmCPK11 gene were analysed by real-time quantitative PCR. Values are means ±SE of three independent experiments. Means denoted by the same letter did not differ significantly at P <0.05 according to Duncan’s multiple range test. (B) Induction of the activity of ZmCPK11 by ABA, H₂O₂, and CaCl₂. The detached plants were treated as described in (A). ZmCPK11 was immunoprecipitated from leaves after treatments, and the activity of ZmCPK11 was measured by immunoprecipitation kinase assay using histone S-III as a substrate. Corresponding Coomassie staining was also shown as indicated. Experiments were repeated at least three times with similar results.