Table 1.
Comparison of the 48 plastid protein-coding genes surveyed across Cuscuta with selected sequenced plastid genomes of heterotrophs and their respective autotrophic outgroups. Gene losses and pseudogenes are indicated for each protein-coding gene category. Taxa with fully sequenced plastid genomes are indicated by an asterisk, and achlorophyllous holoparasitic species are indicated in bold.
| Family subgenus* species | ||||
| NADH dehydrogenase | Photosystem I and II | Cytochrome b 6/f complex | ATP synthase | |
| SOLANACEAE | ||||
| Nicotiana tabacum* | ||||
| CONVOLVULACEAE | ||||
| Ipomoea purpurea* | ||||
| Monogynella | ||||
| C. exaltata* (S) | ndhA, ψndhB, ndhC, ψndhD, ndhE–K | |||
| C. reflexa* (S) | ndhA, ψndhB, ndhC–K | |||
| Cuscuta | ||||
| C. approximata (Q) | ψndhA–C, ndhD–K | |||
| Pachystigma | ||||
| C. nitida (P) | ψndhA–C, ndhD–I, ψndhJ, ψndhK | |||
| Grammica | ||||
| C. chilensis (O) | ψndhA, ndhB–I, ψndhJ, ndhK | psaA–C, psbB, ψpsbC, psbD, psbE | petA, petB, petD | atpA, atpB, atpF, atpH, atpI |
| C. kilimanjari (O) | ndhA, ψndhB, ndhC–K | psaA–C, psbB–E | petA, petB, petD | atpA, atpB, atpF, atpH, atpI |
| C. microstyla (O) | ψndhA–C, ndhD–I, ψndhJ, ndhK | psaB, psaC, ψpsbC, psbD, psbE | petA, petB, petD | atpA, atpB, atpF, atpH, atpI |
| C. sidarum (N) | ψndhA, ψndhB, ndhC–I, ψndhJ, ndhK | ψpetB | ψatpA, atpF | |
| C. costaricensis (K) | ψndhA–C, ndhD–K | ψpetB, ψpetD | ψatpB, atpF | |
| C. mexicana (K) | ndhA–K | ψpetB, ψpetD | atpF | |
| C. strobilacea (K) | ψndhA, ndhB, ψndhC, ndhD–I, ψndhJ, ndhK | psaA–C, ψpsbB, ψpsbD, psbE | petA, petB, petD | atpF |
| C. gronovii (D) | ψndhA–C, ndhD–I, ψndhJ, ndhK | atpF | ||
| C. campestris* (B) | ndhA–K | |||
| C. obtusiflora* (B) | ndhA–K | |||
| OROBANCHACEAE | ||||
| Epifagus virginiana* | ndhA, ψndhB, ndhC–K | psaA–C, psaI, ψpsbA, ψpsbB, psbC, psbD, psbE | petA, petB, petD | ψatpA, ψatpB, atpF, atpH, atpI |
| ORCHIDACEAE | ||||
| Phalaenopsis aphrodite * | ndhA, ψndhB–C, ψndhD, ψndhE, ndhF, ψndhG, ndhH, ψndhI, ψndhJ, ψndhK | |||
| Neottia nidus-avis* | ψndhA–C, ndhD–I, ψndhJ, ndhK | ψpsaA, ψpsaB, psaC, psbB ψpsbC, ψpsbD, psbE | ψpetA, ψpetB, petD | ψatpA, ψatpB, atpF, atpH, ψatpI |
| Rhizanthella gardneri* | ndhA–J, ψndhK | psaA, ψpsaB, psaC, psbA-E | petA, petB, petD | atpA, atpB, atpF, atpH, atpI |
| ANEURACEAE | ||||
| Aneura mirabilis* | ndhA, ψndhB–F, ndhG, ndhH, ndhI, ψndhJ, ndhK | ψpsaA, ψpsaB, ψpsbB-E | ψpetA, ψpetB | |
| CO2 fixation | RNA synthesis | Large and small ribosomal proteins | Genes with other function | |
| SOLANACEAE | ||||
| Nicotiana tabacum* | ||||
| CONVOLVULACEAE | ||||
| Ipomoea purpurea* | ψrpl23 | ycf15 | ||
| Monogynella | ||||
| C. exaltata* (S) | rps16, ψrpl23 | ψycf15 | ||
| C. reflexa* (S) | ψrps16, ψrpl23 | ψycf15 | ||
| Family subgenus* species | ||||
| CO2 fixation | RNA synthesis | Large and small ribosomal proteins | Genes with other function | |
| Cuscuta | ||||
| C. approximata (Q) | rps16, ψrpl23, rpl32 | ψaccD?, ycf15 | ||
| Pachystigma | ||||
| C. nitida (P) | rpl23, rpl32, rps16 | ψclpP, ψaccD, ψycf15 | ||
| Grammica | ||||
| C. chilensis (O) | rbcL | ψrpoA, rpoB, rpoC1, rpoC2 | ψrpl2, rpl14, rpl20, rpl23, rpl32, rps2, rps4, ψrps7, rps16 | ψmatK, ccsA, clpP, accD, ycf1, ycf2, paf2, ycf15 |
| C. kilimanjari (O) | rbcL | ψrpoA, rpoB, rpoC1, rpoC2 | rpl2, rpl14, rpl20, rpl23, rpl32, rps2, rps4, rps7, rps16 | ψmatK, ccsA, clpP, accD, ycf1, ycf2, paf2, ycf15 |
| C. microstyla (O) | rbcL | ψrpoA, rpoB, rpoC1, rpoC2 | ψrpl2, rpl14, rpl20, rpl23, rpl32, rps2, rps4, rps7, rps16 | ψmatK, ccsA, ψclpP, accD, ycf1, ψycf2, paf2, ycf15 |
| C. sidarum (N) | ψrbcL | ψrpoA, rpoB, rpoC1, rpoC2 | ψrpl2, rpl23, rpl32, ψrps2, rps16 | ψmatK, ψaccD, ψycf1, ycf15 |
| C. costaricensis (K) | ψrpoA, rpoB, rpoC1, ψrpoC2 | rpl23, rpl32, rps16 | ψmatK, ψclpP, ycf1, ψycf15 | |
| C. mexicana (K) | ψrpoA, rpoB, rpoC1, ψrpoC2 | ψrpl2, rpl23, rpl32, rps16 | ψmatK, ψclpP, ψycf1, ycf15 | |
| C. stobilacea (K) | rbcL | ψrpoA, rpoB, rpoC1, ψrpoC2 | ψrpl2, rpl23, rpl32, rps16 | ψmatK, ψclpP, ycf1, paf2, ψycf15 |
| C. gronovii (D) | ψrpoA, rpoB, rpoC1, rpoC2 | ψrpl2, rpl23, rpl32, rps16 | ψmatK, ψclpP, ψycf1, ψycf15 | |
| C. campestris* (B) | ψrpoA, rpoB, rpoC1, rpoC2 | rps16, rpl23, rpl32 | matK, ψycf2, ψycf15 | |
| C. obtusiflora* (B) | ψrpoA, rpoB–C2 | rps16, rpl23, rpl32 | matK, ycf15 | |
| OROBANCHACEAE | ||||
| Epifagus virginiana * | ψrbcL | ψrpoA, rpoB–C2 | rps16, ψrpl14, ψrpl23, rpl32 | cemA, ccsA, paf2 |
| ORCHIDACEAE | ||||
| Phalaenopsis aphrodite* | ||||
| Neottia nidus-avis* | ψrbcL | rpoA, ψrpoB, rpoC1, ψrpoC2 | rps16, rpl23 | ψmatK, ccsA, cemA, paf2, ycf15 |
| Rhizanthella gardneri* | rbcL | rpoA–C2 | rps16, rpl32 | ccsA, cemA, matK, paf2, ycf15 |
| ANEURACEAE | ||||
| Aneura mirabilis* | ψccsA | |||