| Up-regulation |
| Synthesis—proteins, phospholipids, membranes |
| IRE1α, ATF6α, PERK, XBP1, NF-kB |
| Chaperones |
| Apo AI gene, LDLR gene |
| Cholesterol metabolism, oxysterol, and bile acid synthesis |
| Receptors—LXRs, PPARs, PXR, CAR, LDLR |
| Enzymes—P450s, LCAT, CCTα, glucokinase, FA desaturase |
| Transporters—ABCA1, ABCG1, apo AI |
| HDL-apo AI—anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, vasodilatative, antithrombotic activity |
| Cholesterol efflux |
| Down-regulation/prevention |
| Enzymes—HMGCoAR |
| Apo B gene |
| Reparation |
| Effects of inflammation and cellular stress, cell membranes |
| Change in risk factor |
| Increase—HDL-C, HDL2-C, HDL-C/T-C, HDL2-C/HDL3-C, apo AI |
| Decrease—LDL-C, cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C/HDL-C, apo B |
| Increase/normalization |
| Glucose tolerance, metabolic clearance rate of glucose |
| Insulin sensitivity, glucose disposal rate |
| Lowering/normalization/elimination |
| Fasting blood glucose, insulin secretion, plasma IRI |
| Insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia |
| Liver triglycerides, liver fat |
| Amyloid β, Tau protein |
