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Time courses of acarbose accumulation, maltose and glucose consumption, cell growth and impurity C formation during batch cultivation of A. utahensis ZJB-08196 with the addition of validamine at a final concentration of 20 mg/L in fermentation medium prior to inoculation. Symbols: ■: acarbose; ▲: impurity C; •: DCW; □: maltose; ○: glucose; △: osmolality. Fermentations were carried out at 28°C and 200 rpm for 216 h.
