FIG. 1.

Long-term hyperglycemia induces mitochondrial oxidant production in endothelial cells. A–D: bEnd.3 cells were exposed to hyperglycemia (high) or maintained in 5 mmol/L glucose (low) containing medium for 10 days or for the indicated time period, then the cells were loaded with superoxide sensor MitoSOX Red and Hoechst 33342. The oxidation of MitoSOX was recorded on kinetic reader; the maximum reaction rates (Vmax) (A) and typical kinetic curves are shown (B). Micrographs of cells maintained in normoglycemic (C) or hyperglycemic (D) medium were taken 2 h after the superoxide sensor loading. E: Gene expression changes in bEnd.3 cells exposed to hyperglycemia for 7 days were analyzed with mitochondrial energy array. The gene symbols and relative expression (fold change) in hyperglycemic cells are shown compared with normoglycemic cells (*P < 0.05).