Table 1.
Factors at Intake by Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder Status
| DMDD+ (n=184) | DMDD– (n = 522) | Test Statistic/Relative Risk (95% CI) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Sex, male, % | 66 | 68 | 0.96 (0.86–1.09) | NS |
| Race, white, % | 59 | 66 | 0.89 (0.77–1.01) | .06 |
| Age, mean ± SD, y | 9.3 ± 1.8 | 9.5 ± 2.0 | t = 1.2 | NS |
| Lives with both biological parents, % | 28 | 34 | 0.84 (0.65–1.09) | NS |
| Primary caretaker education, % | ||||
| No or some high school | 13 | 10 | Z = 1.8 | .08 |
| GED or high school diploma | 25 | 26 | ||
| Some post–high school, no degree | 30 | 26 | ||
| Associate's degree or other post–high school certification | 21 | 17 | ||
| Bachelor's degree or higher | 12 | 21 | ||
| Diagnoses, % | ||||
| Any mood disorder | 44 | 39 | 1.13 (0.93–1.37) | NS |
| Any bipolar spectrum diagnosis | 24 | 23 | 1.06 (0.78–1.43) | NS |
| Bipolar I/II disorder | 9 | 11 | 0.78 (0.46–1.33) | NS |
| Cyclothymia/bipolar disorder NOS | 15 | 12 | 1.32 (0.87–2.00) | NS |
| Any depressive disorder | 20 | 17 | 1.21 (0.85–1.70) | NS |
| MDD | 7 | 7 | 0.92 (0.48–1.73) | NS |
| Dysthymic disorder | 4 | 2 | 2.84 (1.09–7.53) | .03 |
| Depressive disorder NOS | 9 | 8 | 1.15 (0.67–1.97) | NS |
| Oppositional defiant disorder or conduct disorder | 96 | 24 | 4.03 (3.44–4.70) | < .0001 |
| Oppositional defiant disorder | 78 | 20 | 3.94 (3.26–4.77) | < .0001 |
| Conduct disorder | 18 | 4 | 4.46 (2.66–7.53) | < .0001 |
| ADHD | 79 | 61 | 1.29 (1.17–1.43) | < .0001 |
| Any anxiety disorder | 20 | 20 | 0.96 (0.69–1.35) | NS |
| Psychotic disorder | 2 | 2 | 1.03 (0.34–3.25) | NS |
| Pervasive developmental disorder | 3 | 7 | 0.44 (0.19–1.02) | .04 |
| Elimination disorders | 25 | 18 | 1.39 (1.02–1.89) | .04 |
| Dimensional measures of psychopathology, mean ± SD | ||||
| YMRS total scorea | 15.5 ± 7.7 | 13.1 ± 8.0 | t = 3.5 | .0004 |
| CDRS-R total scorea | 33.3 ± 9.5 | 30.6 ± 10.2 | t = 3.2 | .002 |
| K-SADS Depression Rating Scale total score | 7.9 ± 5.7 | 6.6 ± 6.0 | t = 2.6 | .009 |
| K-SADS Mania Rating Scale total scorea | 10.8 ± 8.4 | 7.7 ± 8.0 | t = 4.4 | < .0001 |
| CAASI-4R subscale score | ||||
| ADHD—inattentive | 19.5 ± 6.1 | 17.4 ± 6.7 | t = 3.7 | .0001 |
| ADHD—hyperactive/impulsive | 17.9 ± 6.7 | 15.5 ± 6.9 | t = 4.1 | < .0001 |
| ADHD—combined | 37.4 ± 11.3 | 32.9 ± 12.1 | t = 4.4 | < .0001 |
| Oppositional defiant disorder | 19.2 ± 4.5 | 14.1 ± 6.0 | t = 12.0 | < .0001 |
| Conduct disorder | 8.2 ± 5.5 | 4.5 ± 4.5 | t = 8.2 | < .0001 |
| SCARED-P score | 18.2 ± 12.7 | 18.2 ± 14.1 | t = 0.0 | NS |
| Functioning | ||||
| CGAS score (current), mean ± SD | 50.7 ± 9.1 | 56.0 ± 10.3 | t = 6.6 | < .0001 |
| CGAS score (most severe past), mean ± SD | 47.7 ± 10.4 | 50.1 ± 9.6 | t = 2.3 | .024 |
| Ever repeated a grade, % | 16 | 17 | 0.96 (0.66–1.41) | NS |
| Ever received special education class or behavioral intervention in school, % | 28 | 30 | 0.93 (0.71–1.21) | NS |
| Lifetime treatment history, % | ||||
| Psychotropic medication | 59 | 62 | 0.95 (0.83–1.09) | NS |
| Psychiatric hospitalization | 10 | 9 | 1.18 (0.71–1.96) | NS |
Irritability item not included in the total score.
Abbreviations: ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, CAASI-4R = Child and Adolescent Symptom Inventory-4R, CDRS-R = Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised, CGAS = Children's Global Assessment Scale, CI = confidence interval, DMDD– = did not meet criteria for disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, DMDD+ = met criteria for disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, GED = General Equivalency Diploma, K-SADS = Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children, MDD = major depressive disorder, NOS = not otherwise specified, NS = nonsignificant, SCARED-P = Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders, YMRS = Young Mania Rating Scale.