Table 3.

Final consensus typology: social values for coastal contexts (alphabetical order)

Value	Definition
Access	Places of common property free from access restrictions or exclusive ownership/control
Esthetic	Enjoyable scenery, sights, sounds, smells, etc
Biodiversity	Provision of a variety and abundance of fish, wildlife, and plant life
Cultural	Place for passing down wisdom, knowledge, and traditions
Economic	Provision of fishery (commercial/recreational), minerals, and tourism industry that support livelihoods
Future	Allowance for future generation to know and experience healthy, productive, and sustainable coastal ecosystems
Historic	Place of natural and human history that matter to individuals, communities, societies, and nations
Identity/Symbolic	Places that engender a sense of place, community, and belonging; represent a distinctive “culture of the sea”
Intrinsic	Right to exist regardless of the presence; value based on existence (being rather than place)
Learning	Place of educational value through scientific exploration, observation, discovery, and experimentation
Life Sustaining	Provision of macro-environmental processes (i.e., climate regulation, hydrologic cycle, etc.) that support life, human and non-human
Recreation	Place for favorite/enjoyable outdoor recreation activities
Spiritual/Novel Experience	Places of sacred, religious, unique, deep, and/or profound experience where reverence/respect for nature is felt
Subsistence	Provision of basic human needs, emphasis on reliable, regular food/protein source from seafood
Therapeutic	Place that enhances feelings of well-being (e.g., “an escape,” “stress relief,” “comfort and calm”).
Wilderness	Place of minimal human impact and/or intrusion into natural environment