TABLE 3.
Consumption of Selected Foods, Food Groups, and Nutrients Among Children ≤130% FPL by SNAP Participation Status
| SNAP Participation | Mean | Median | (10th, 90th) | % Meeting Guideline | Relative Differencea | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coef | 95% CI | ||||||
| Foods and food groups | |||||||
| Whole grains, servings/d | Nonparticipants | 0.6 | 0.4 | (0.1, 1.5) | 1 | Ref | |
| Participants | 0.5 | 0.3 | (0, 1.2) | 1 | 0.89 | 0.59–1.33 | |
| Refined grains, servings/d | Nonparticipants | 5.7 | 5.5 | (3.7, 7.7) | 97 | Ref | |
| Participants | 5.6 | 5.4 | (3.6, 7.7) | 96 | 1.05 | 0.95–1.16 | |
| Fruits, servings/d | Nonparticipants | 1 | 0.8 | (0.2, 2.1) | 10 | Ref | |
| Participants | 0.8 | 0.6 | (0.1, 1.9) | 7 | 0.98 | 0.64–1.49 | |
| 100% fruit juice, servings/d | Nonparticipants | 1.2 | 0.9 | (0.2, 2.7) | — | Ref | |
| Participants | 1.1 | 0.8 | (0.2, 2.5) | — | 1.04 | 0.68–1.59 | |
| Vegetables, servings/d | Nonparticipants | 0.7 | 0.6 | (0.2, 1.3) | 0 | Ref | |
| Participants | 0.7 | 0.6 | (0.2, 1.3) | 0 | 1.40 | 0.78–2.52 | |
| Potatoes, servings/wk | Nonparticipants | 3.6 | 3.4 | (1.7, 5.7) | — | Ref | |
| Participants | 3.4 | 3.2 | (1.5, 5.5) | — | 0.98 | 0.69–1.38 | |
| Fish/shellfish, servings/wk | Nonparticipants | 0.5 | 0.5 | (0.2, 0.8) | 0 | Ref | |
| Participants | 0.4 | 0.3 | (0.2, 0.6) | 0 | 1.00 | 0.81–1.22 | |
| Nuts, seeds, legumes, servings/wk | Nonparticipants | 2.1 | 1.2 | (0.2, 5.0) | 13 | Ref | |
| Participants | 1.4 | 0.8 | (0.1, 3.4) | 7 | 0.81* | 0.65–1.00 | |
| Processed meat, servings/wk | Nonparticipants | 2.4 | 2.3 | (0.9, 4.9) | 44 | Ref | |
| Participants | 2.8 | 2.5 | (0.9, 5.1) | 40 | 1.44* | 1.09–1.91 | |
| High-fat dairy products, servings/d | Nonparticipants | 1.3 | 1.1 | (0.3, 2.4) | — | Ref | |
| Participants | 1.4 | 1.2 | (0.4, 2.5) | — | 1.47* | 1.07–2.01 | |
| Flavored milk, servings/d | Nonparticipants | 0.4 | 0.2 | (0, 1.0) | — | Ref | |
| Participants | 0.4 | 0.3 | (0, 1.1) | — | 1.08 | 0.82–1.41 | |
| Sweets and bakery desserts, servings/d | Nonparticipants | 1.4 | 1.3 | (0.6, 2.3) | 3 | Ref | |
| Participants | 1.4 | 1.3 | (0.6, 2.4) | 3 | 1.03 | 0.78–1.35 | |
| Salty snacks, servings/d | Nonparticipants | 0.5 | 0.4 | (0.1, 0.9) | — | Ref | |
| Participants | 0.5 | 0.5 | (0.2, 1.0) | — | 1.30 | 0.94–1.82 | |
| Sugar-sweetened beverages, servings/d | Nonparticipants | 2.5 | 2.1 | (0.7, 4.6) | 8 | Ref | |
| Participants | 2.3 | 2.0 | (0.7, 4.3) | 7 | 1.43* | 1.08–1.89 | |
| Water, servings/d | Nonparticipants | 1 | 0.1 | (0, 3.2) | — | Ref | |
| Participants | 1.5 | 0.3 | (0, 4.4) | — | 3.94* | 2.27–6.84 | |
| Nutrients | |||||||
| Total energy, kcal/d | Nonparticipants | 1571 | 1350 | (541, 2866) | — | Ref | |
| Participants | 1714 | 1487 | (610, 3098) | — | 0.99 | 0.93–1.04 | |
| EPA+DHA, g/d | Nonparticipants | 0.04 | 0.04 | (0.02, 0.07) | 0 | Ref | |
| Participants | 0.03 | 0.03 | (0.01, 0.05) | 0 | 1.24 | 0.94–1.63 | |
| ALA, g/d | Nonparticipants | 1.3 | 1.3 | (0.8, 1.9) | 48 | Ref | |
| Participants | 1.2 | 1.2 | (0.7, 1.8) | 49 | 1.01 | 0.94–1.07 | |
| MUFA, % energy | Nonparticipants | 12.1 | 12.1 | (9.9, 14.3) | — | Ref | |
| Participants | 12.2 | 12.2 | (10.1, 14.4) | — | 1.00. | 0.95–1.05 | |
| PUFA, % energy | Nonparticipants | 6.1 | 6 | (4.8, 7.4) | — | Ref | |
| Participants | 6.1 | 6 | (4.8, 7.4) | — | 1.01 | 0.96–1.06 | |
| Saturated fat, % energy | Nonparticipants | 11.4 | 11.4 | (9.5, 13.3) | 0 | Ref | |
| Participants | 11.9 | 11.9 | (10.0, 13.9) | 0 | 1.02 | 0.97–1.08 | |
| Dietary cholesterol, mg/d | Nonparticipants | 233 | 222 | (140, 340) | 81 | Ref | |
| Participants | 219 | 208 | (130, 320) | 86 | 1.01 | 0.94–1.09 | |
| Total fat, % energy | Nonparticipants | 32.3 | 32.3 | (27.4, 37.2) | 73 | Ref | |
| Participants | 32.9 | 32.9 | (28.0, 37.8) | 69 | 1.01 | 0.97–1.06 | |
| Carbohydrates, % energy | Nonparticipants | 55.6 | 55.6 | (49.7, 61.5) | 97 | Ref | |
| Participants | 55.5 | 55.5 | (49.6, 61.4) | 97 | 1.00 | 0.98–1.03 | |
| Protein, % energy | Nonparticipants | 13.1 | 13 | (10.7, 15.7) | 95 | Ref | |
| Participants | 12.7 | 12.6 | (10.3, 15.3) | 93 | 1.00 | 0.96–1.03 | |
| Folate, mg/d | Nonparticipants | 382 | 364 | (233, 552) | 80 | Ref | |
| Participants | 381 | 364 | (232, 551) | 82 | 1.08* | 1.00–1.17 | |
| Dietary fiber, g/d | Nonparticipants | 13.4 | 12.9 | (8.5, 18.9) | 0 | Ref | |
| Participants | 12.7 | 12.2 | (8.0, 18.0) | 0 | 1.04 | 0.97–1.11 | |
| Sodium, mg/d | Nonparticipants | 3268 | 3150 | (2094, 4582) | 15 | Ref | |
| Participants | 3131 | 3021 | (1996, 4402) | 18 | 1.00 | 0.95–1.05 | |
| Potassium, mg/d | Nonparticipants | 2346 | 2268 | (1492, 3294) | 2 | Ref | |
| Participants | 2187 | 2115 | (1375, 3089) | 1 | 0.99 | 0.95–1.04 | |
| Calcium, mg/d | Nonparticipants | 946 | 905 | (552, 1388) | 42 | Ref | |
| Participants | 955 | 916 | (559, 1399) | 45 | 1.08* | 1.02–1.14 | |
| Iron, mg/d | Nonparticipants | 15 | 14.4 | (9.6, 21.1) | 86 | Ref | |
| Participants | 14.8 | 14.2 | (9.5, 20.9) | 99 | 1.07* | 1.01–1.13 | |
ALA, alpha-linolenic acid; Coef, coefficient; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; Ref, reference; —, no available guideline for this food or nutrient.
a
Models adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, HR place of birth, HR education level, HR marital status, household size, health insurance, poverty income ratio, household food security, participation in other food assistance programs, and total energy.
*
P < .05.