Table 4.

Compared levels of hormones regulating food intake in AN patients and healthy matched population.

Hormones regulating food intake*	AN/CT	Reference
Ghrelin-related
Blood total ghrelin	↑	Otto et al. (2001, 2005), Krsek et al. (2003), Nedvidkova et al. (2003), Tanaka et al. (2003a,b,c, 2004), Tolle et al. (2003), Broglio et al. (2004a), Hotta et al. (2004), Misra et al. (2004c, 2005b, 2007, 2008), Soriano-Guillen et al. (2004), Tanaka et al. (2004), Bosy-Westphal et al. (2005), Stock et al. (2005), Troisi et al. (2005), Uehara et al. (2005), Germain et al. (2007, 2009, 2010), Janas-Kozik et al. (2007), Nakahara et al. (2007, 2008), Støving et al. (2007), Lawson et al. (2011b), Sedlackova et al. (2012)
Blood acyl ghrelin (active)	↑	Nakai et al. (2003), Hotta et al. (2004), Uehara et al. (2005), Nakahara et al. (2008), Germain et al. (2009, 2010)
Blood des-acyl ghrelin	↑	Hotta et al. (2004), Nakahara et al. (2008)
Blood obestatin	↑	Nakahara et al. (2008), Germain et al. (2009, 2010), Sedlackova et al. (2012)
Plasma insulin Leptin	(→)↓1	Uhe et al. (1992), Tamai et al. (1993), Støving et al. (1999), Gianotti et al. (2000), Gniuli et al. (2001), Delporte et al. (2003), Tanaka et al. (2003a), Weinbrenner et al. (2003), Misra et al. (2004a,b, 2007), Tagami et al. (2004), Bosy-Westphal et al. (2005), Housova et al. (2005), Misra et al. (2005c), Stock et al. (2005), Tomasik et al. (2005), Dolezalova et al. (2007), Dostalova et al. (2007), Kinzig et al. (2007), Nakahara et al. (2007), Støving et al. (2007), Haluzíková et al. (2009), Brick et al. (2010), Fazeli et al. (2010b), Karczewska-Kupczewska et al. (2010, 2012)
Leptin
CSF leptin	↓	Mantzoros et al. (1997), Gendall et al. (1999)
Blood leptin	↓	Ferron et al. (1997), Hebebrand et al. (1997), Mantzoros et al. (1997), Balligand et al. (1998), Gendall et al. (1999), Støving et al. (1999), Monteleone et al. (2000, 2002a,b), Nedvidkova et al. (2000), Di Carlo et al. (2002), Krizova et al. (2002), Delporte et al. (2003), Holtkamp et al. (2003a,b, 2004), Misra et al. (2003, 2004a,b, 2005a,c, 2006, 2007, 2008), Pannacciulli et al. (2003), Tolle et al. (2003), Weinbrenner et al. (2003), Djurovic et al. (2004), Heer et al. (2004), Popovic et al. (2004), Tagami et al. (2004), Dostalova et al. (2005, 2007), Haas et al. (2005), Miljic et al. (2006), Ohwada et al. (2006, 2007), Dolezalova et al. (2007), Germain et al. (2007), Mika et al. (2007), Modan-Moses et al. (2007), Muñoz-Calvo et al. (2007), Nakahara et al. (2007), Haluzíková et al. (2009), Arimura et al. (2010), Estour et al. (2010), Fazeli et al. (2010b), Nogueira et al. (2010), Lawson et al. (2011b), Faje et al. (2012)
Total blood adiponectin	(→↓)↑2	Delporte et al. (2003), Iwahashi et al. (2003), Pannacciulli et al. (2003), Misra et al. (2004a), Tagami et al. (2004), Bosy-Westphal et al. (2005), Housova et al. (2005), Dolezalova et al. (2007), Dostalova et al. (2007), Modan-Moses et al. (2007), Nakahara et al. (2007), Støving et al. (2007), Haluzíková et al. (2009), Karczewska-Kupczewska et al. (2010, 2012), Nogueira et al. (2010)
Cholecystokinin (CKK)
CSF or blood CCK	→↓	Phillipp et al. (1991), Geracioti et al. (1992), Tamai et al. (1993), Fujimoto et al. (1997), Tomasik et al. (2004, 2005)
Blood glucagon-like peptide 1	→↓	Tomasik et al. (2002, 2004, 2005)
Blood peptide YY	(→)↑3	Stock et al. (2005), Misra et al. (2006, 2007, 2008), Germain et al. (2007), Nakahara et al. (2007), Otto et al. (2007), Lawson et al. (2011b), Sedlackova et al. (2012)

¹Most of the studies found decreased insulin levels.

²Only three studies found no significant differences when compared to control group, and one found a decrease, while all the other found increased adiponectin levels.

³Most of the studies found increased PYY levels.

*Hormones inhibiting food intake are on gray background.