Lentiviral injection regulates BMP4 expression in vaginal smooth muscle. A, HEK293T cells overexpress BMP4 as assessed by RT-PCR 48 h after transduction with viral particles containing vectors for EGFP–BMP4 expression compared with those with only EGFP expressing control. GAPDH was used as a housekeeping control gene. B, Immunoblot showing abundant amounts of secreted BMP4 protein in conditioned media of HEK293T cells transduced with EGFP–BMP4 compared with EGFP alone. C, Bright-field and epifluorescence overlay of the whole vagina (cut transversely) shows intense EFGP fluorescence at the injection site (arrowhead) at 7 d. Arrow indicates the vaginal orifice. D, Overlay of DAPI staining and EGFP in a section of the specimen shown in C. Arrow indicates abundant EGFP expression in the smooth muscle layer. Scale bar, 200 μm. E, Immunostaining for BMP4 shows robust fluorescence in vaginal smooth muscle (arrow) of an estrogen-treated OVX rat transduced with EGFP–BMP4 at 7 d. F, Estrogen-treated rats receiving control virus with EGFP alone showed very low levels of BMP4 immunostaining. Scale bars: E, F, 50 μm.