Table 5.

Estimated effect of free school breakfast programme on children's educational and other outcomes

Outcome (measurement range)	Effect* (intervention vs control phase)	Lower 95% CI	Upper 95% CI	p Value
School attendance rate (0%–100%)	0.25	−0.82	1.32	0.65
Self-reported reading grades (1–5)	0.06	−0.07	0.19	0.38
Sense of belonging (1–4)	−0.02	−0.08	0.04	0.53
Total SDQ score (0–40)	−0.10	−0.69	0.48	0.73
Short-term satiety (0–150)	8.56	3.42	13.69	0.001
Food security (study child)	0.92	0.70	1.22	0.55
Food security (all children in household)	0.89	0.67	1.18	0.43

^*A linear mixed model was used on continuous outcomes to estimate the treatment difference in means, adjusting for age, gender, ethnicity and school terms (ie, secular trend). School was fitted as a random effect to adjust for the cluster effect and the variability across schools. A generalised linear mixed model was used on binary outcomes to estimate the OR and its 95% CI.

SDQ, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire.