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. 2013 Mar 1;123(3):980–989. doi: 10.1172/JCI64099

Figure 3. Metformin regulates mTORC1 signaling.

Figure 3

Metformin activates AMPK by inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation, which in turn negatively regulates mTORC1 signaling via activation of TSC2 and inhibitory phosphorylation of raptor. In parallel, metformin inhibits mTORC1 signaling by suppressing the activity of the Rag GTPases and upregulating REDD1.