Table 4.
Characteristic of the included studies
|
Authors |
Country |
Design |
Site |
Size†(follow-up) |
Resp. Rate†% |
Time of recruit-ment |
Criteria |
Maternal morbidity type (Data source) |
PTSD |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inclusion | Exclusion | Time postnatal | Tool | Admini-stration | |||||||||
| Adewuya et al. 2006 |
Nigeria |
Cross-sectional |
Multi. clinic. (n=5) |
876 |
95 a |
Postnatal |
Women attending 6 week postnatal & infant immunisation clinic |
None |
Hospital admission in pregnancy Manual removal of placenta |
Self-report |
6 wks |
M.I.N.I. |
Interview |
| Ayers 1999 (PhD thesis) |
UK |
Pros. cohort |
Single hospital |
245 (201) |
70 -83 c (46–56 a) |
Antenatal |
Gestational age 16≤, ≤ 36 wks at recruitment Good English |
ElCS Poor English Other research participation Moving out No fixed address Psychiatric inpatient |
Blood loss Delivery complication |
Clinical records |
1 week 6 weeks 6 mths |
IES PSS-SR |
Postal |
| Baecke et al. 2009 |
Netherlands |
Retro. cohort |
Single hospital |
169 |
48-76 b or c |
Postnatal |
Pregnancy complicated by preeclampsia and control groups |
Multiple pregnancy |
Pre-term preeclampsia Term preeclampsia |
Clinical records |
6 -18 mths |
IES |
Postal |
| Cohen et al. 2004 |
Canada |
Pros. cohort |
Multi. hospital (n=6) |
198 |
60-87 b or c |
Postnatal |
Age≥18 Understand English Delivered a full-term Singleton infant |
Poor English Child for adoption Risk of baby (multiple infant, premature, congenanomaly, NICU, death) |
maternal complications (PPH, uterine infection UTI, or retained placenta etc.) |
Not clear |
6-8 wks |
DTS |
Interview (telephone) |
| Creedy 1999 (PhD thesis) |
Australia |
Pros. cohort |
Multi. hospital (n=4) |
499 (141) |
73 b |
Antenatal |
Age≥18 3rd trimester pregnancy Understand English No major prenatal complication No medical problems healthy full-term infant |
Risk of baby (premature, stillbirth) Pregnancy with high risk for birth complications |
Delivery complication (PPH, anaemia, infection, severe post-delivery pain or manual removal of placenta etc) |
Self-report |
4-6 wks 3–4 mths |
IES PSS- |
Interview (telephone) |
| Engelhard et al. 2002‡ |
Netherlands |
Retro. cohort |
Single hospital |
113 |
51-90 b |
Postnatal |
Pregnancy complicated by preeclampsia and control groups Primiparas |
Age<18, Illiterate in Dutch Intrauterine fetal death |
Pre-term preeclampsia Term preeclampsia |
Clinical records |
≤ 2 yrs |
PSS-SR |
Postal |
| Hoedjes et al., 2001 |
Netherlands |
Pros. cohort |
Multi. hospital (n=4) |
128 (137) |
50-54 a or b |
Postnatal |
Age≥18 Pregnancy complicated by preeclampsia speaking Dutch |
-- |
Mild preeclampsia: Severe preeclampsia |
Clinical records |
6 wks 12 wks |
SRIP |
Postal |
| Lev-Wiesel et al. 2009 |
Israel |
Pros. cohort |
Single hospital |
1071 |
96 c or d |
Antenatal |
Women >= 5 mths pregnant at the time of recruitment |
Women under psychiatric treatment |
High-risk pregnancy Delivery complications (CS, preterm delivery or fetal distress etc) |
Clinical records Self-report |
1 mth 6 mths |
PSS-I |
Interview (face-to-face/ telephone) |
| Sorenson & Tschetter 2010 |
US |
Cross-sectional |
Commu-nity |
71 |
75 c (53 b) |
Postnatal |
Listed in phone book Having 'landline' phone numbers |
All others who did not meet inclusion criteria |
Birth complication: |
Not stated |
6-7 mths |
PTCS |
Interview (telephone) |
| Stramrood et al. 2010 |
Netherlands |
Pros. cohort |
Single hospital & single midwifery practice |
175 (137) |
71-91c |
Antenatal |
Women hospitalised with preeclampsia or PPROM |
Critically ill, multiple pregnancy, A history of intrauterine fetal death, Alcohol/drug dependence Pre-existing medical conditions (eg. diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular, renal diseases) |
Preeclampsia PPROM |
Clinical records |
6 wks 15 mths |
PSS-SR |
Interview |
| Stramrood et al. 2011 | Netherlands | Cross-sectional | Multi. Hospital (n=3) Midwifery practice (n=4) | 428 | 47 a or b | Postnatal | Women delivered 2 to 6 months prior to study with >=16 weeks of gestation | -- | Pregnancy complications (pre-eclampsia, HELLP, antenatal blood loss or intrauterine death etc) Delivery complications (PPH, manual placenta removal or ICU etc) | Self-report | 2-6 mths | TES-B | Web-based |
NoteCS: caesarean section; ElCS: elective caesarean section; ICU: intensive care units; NICU: neonatal intensive care units; PPROM: preterm premature rupture of membranes; HELLP: HELLP syndrome.
PPH: postpartum haemorrhage.
Pros: prospective; Retro: retrospective; wks: weeks; mths: months; yrs: years.
‡ Engelhard (2002) included women’s partner in their study sample, but data on women was only extracted.
† Sample size of postnatal women and response rate at postnatal period.
a) The number of all eligible women, of whom those who took part in the study.
b) The number of women who were approached, of whom questionnaire/interview were actually returned or completed.
c) The number of women who agreed to participate after the researcher approached to them, of whom questionnaires/interview were actually returned or completed.
d) Uncertain how the response rate was calculated.