Table 1.

Types of models involving health outcomes, from least to most complex.

Model type	Features	Data requirements
		Demography	Epidemiology	Clinical
Static proportionate outcomes model	Reduction in cervical cancer due to vaccination is the product of effective vaccine coverage and cervical-cancer incidence caused by vaccine-type HPV	Population structure, birth and death rates	Cervical-cancer incidence, mortality and proportion caused by HPV 16/18, by age	None
Static progression model	Represents the natural history of disease from HPV infection to cervical cancer, usually in a single birth cohort	Population structure, birth and death rates	Cervical-cancer incidence, mortality and proportion caused by HPV 16/18, by age; female HPV prevalence and clearance by age	Uptake and efficacy of screening, diagnosis and treatment of cancer and pre-cancer
Transmission dynamic model	Captures HPV transmission from infected to susceptible individuals in the entire population	Population structure, birth and death rates, sexual behavior	Cervical-cancer incidence, mortality and proportion caused by HPV 16/18, by age; HPV prevalence and clearance by age and sex	Uptake and efficacy of screening, diagnosis and treatment of cancer and pre-cancer
Hybrid model	Uses a static progression model to capture disease natural history, and a dynamic model to capture infection transmission	Population structure, birth and death rates, sexual behavior	Cervical-cancer incidence, mortality and proportion caused by HPV 16/18, by age; HPV prevalence and clearance by age and sex	Uptake and efficacy of screening, diagnosis and treatment of cancer and pre-cancer