Table 1.
Maternal and Infant Characteristicsa by Treatment Group
| Resuscitated | Non-resuscitated | Combined | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Early Intervention and Health Care Counseling |
Health Care Counseling Only (Control) |
Early Intervention and Health Care Counseling |
Health Care Counseling Only (Control) |
Early Intervention and Health Care Counseling |
Health Care Counseling Only (Control) |
|
| Enrolled - N | 78 | 86 | 126 | 117 | 204 | 203 |
| Maternal characteristics | ||||||
| Age (years) - mean±SD | 24.6±5.5 | 24.2±4 | 25.5±5.1 | 25.6±5.7 | 25.1±5.3 | 25.0±5.4 |
| Formal schooling completed - n (%) | ||||||
| None, illiterate | 32(43.8) | 37 (44.0) | 61 (50.4) | 55 (50.0) | 93 (47.9) | 92 (47.4) |
| None, but literate / primary school | 20 (27.4) | 27(32.1) | 36 (29.8) | 35(31.8) | 56 (28.9) | 62 (32.0) |
| Some secondary/university | 21 (28.8) | 20(23.8) | 24(19.8) | 20 (18.2) | 45 (23.2) | 40 (20.6) |
| Married - n (%) | 75 (96.0) | 81 (94.2) | 121 (97.6) | 110(94.8) | 196 (97.0) | 191 (94.6) |
| Parity- mean±SD | 2.6±2.0 | 2.7±2.2 | 3.0±2.0 | 3.1±2.2 | 2.9±2.0 | 3.0±2.2 |
| Primiparous - n (%) | 35 (44.9) | 31(36.9) | 30(23.8) | 30 (25.9) | 65(31.9) | 61 (30.5) |
| Prenatal care - n (%) | 66 (84.6) | 69 (80.2) | 95 (75.4)* | 101 (86.3)* | 165 (80.9) | 173 (85.2) |
| Vaginal vertex delivery - n (%) | 71(95.9) | 82 (97.6) | 120 (99.2) | 111(100.0) | 191 (97.9) | 193 (99.0) |
| Family Resources Index - med (min-max) | 2.0(0–10) | 2.0 (0–9) | 3.0(0–9) | 2.0 (0 – 8) | 2.0.(0–10) | 2.0 (0 – 9) |
| Home Living Standard Index - med (min-max) | 5.0(1–12) | 6.0(2–12) | 6.0(1–12) | 6.0 (2 – 12) | 6.0 (1 – 12) | 6.0(2–12) |
| SES Index (World Bank 1990) - n (%) | ||||||
| Quintile 1 (poorest) | 0 (0–0) | 0 (0–0) | 2(1–6) | 1 (0–9) | 2(1–0) | 1 (0–5) |
| Quintile 2 | 2 (2.6) | 6 (7.0) | 8 (6.3) | 11(9.4) | 10 (4.9) | 17(8.4) |
| Quintile 3 | 38 (48.7) | 39(45.3) | 40(31.7) | 44 (37.6) | 78 (38.2) | 83 (40.9) |
| Quintile 4 | 28(35.9) | 36(41.9) | 65(51.6) | 50 (42.7) | 93 (45.6) | 86 (42.4) |
| Quintile 5 (wealthiest) | 10(12.8) | 5 (5.8) | 11(8.7) | 11(9.4) | 21 (10.3) | 16 (7.9) |
| Infant characteristics | ||||||
| Sex (male) - n (%) | 45 (59.2) | 52(61.2) | 67 (54.0) | 66 (57.9) | 112(56.0) | 118(59.3) |
| Birth weight (grams) – N | 76 | 85 | 122 | 112 | 198 | 197 |
| 1500 – 2499 -n(%) | 17 (22.4) | 16(18.8) | 26(21.3) | 26(23.2) | 43(21.7) | 42(21.3) |
| 2500 – 2999 -n(%) | 32(42.1) | 41 (48.2) | 49 (40.2) | 50 (44.6) | 81 (40.9) | 91 (46.2) |
| ≥ 3000 - n (%) | 27(35.5) | 28 (32.9) | 47(38.5) | 36(32.1) | 74 (37.4) | 64(32.5) |
| Gestational age (weeks) - mean±SD | 37.9± 2.0 | 37.3±2.3 | 37.8±2.0 | 37.5±1.8 | 37.9±2.0 | 37.4±2.0 |
| Gestational age categorized – N | 77 | 86 | 124 | 115 | 201 | 201 |
| 28–36-n(%) | 22 (28.6) | 31(36.0) | 34 (27.4) | 37 (32.2) | 56 (27.9) | 68(33.8) |
| 37–41-n(%) | 49(63.6) | 52(60.5) | 83 (66.9) | 73 (63.5) | 132(65.7) | 125 (62.2) |
| ≥ 42-n(%) | 6 (7.8) | 3 (3.5) | 7(5.6) | 5 (4.3) | 13 (6.5) | 8 (4.0) |
| Apgar scores - median (25%ile – 75%ile) | ||||||
| 1 minute | 5(1–7) | 5(1–8) | 9(5–10) | 9(6–10) | 8(1 – 10) | 8(1 – 10) |
| 5 minute | 9 (5 – 10) | 9(5–10) | 10(8–10) | 10(8–10) | 10(5–10) | 10(5–10) |
| Resuscitated – N | 78 | 86 | 0 | 0 | 78 | 86 |
| Type of resuscitation (all that apply) | ||||||
| Bag and mask - n (%) | 78(100.0) | 86(100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 74(100.0) | 86(100.0) |
| Chest compressions - n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 2(2.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2(2.3) |
| Other - n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 1(1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1(1.2) |
| Neurological exam score - N | 74 | 83 | 116 | 112 | 190 | 195 |
| Normal - n (%) | 65 (87.8) | 73 (88.0) | 116(100.0) | 112(100.0) | 181 (95.3) | 185 (94.9) |
| Grade 1 (Mild) - n (%) | 7 (9.5) | 10(12.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (3.7) | 10(5.1) |
| Grade 2 (Moderate) - n (%) | 2 (2.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2(1.1) | 0 (0.0) |
| Location of birth - N | 74 | 84 | 123 | 113 | 197 | 197 |
| Home - n (%) | 28 (37.8) | 37 (44.0) | 75(61.0) | 61 (54.0) | 103 (52.3) | 98 (49.7) |
| Clinic -n(%) | 18(24.3) | 17 (20.2) | 25 (20.3) | 25 (22.1) | 43(21.8) | 42(21.3) |
| Hospital - n (%) | 28 (37.8) | 29 (34.5) | 22(17.9) | 27(23.9) | 50(25.3) | 56 (28.5) |
| Other - n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 1(1.2) | 1 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.5) |
| Birth attendant - N | 74 | 84 | 123 | 113 | 197 | 197 |
| Physician - n (%) | 7 (9.5) | 9(10.7) | 9(7.3) | 9 (8.0) | 16(8.1) | 18(9.1) |
| Nurse/midwife/health worker - n (%) | 44 (59.5) | 41 (48.8) | 45 (36.6) | 48 (42.5) | 88 (44.7) | 87 (44.2) |
| Traditional birth attendant - n (%) | 23(31.1) | 34(40.5) | 59 (48.0) | 51(45.1) | 83 (42.2) | 87 (44.2) |
| Family/unattended - n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 10(8.1) | 5 (4.4) | 10(5.1) | 5 (2.5) |
*
There were no statistically significantly differences by treatment group among resuscitated babies at the alpha = 0.05 level. Among non-resuscitated babies, those in the intervention group were significantly less likely to have prenatal care (p=0.0312).
a
Varying denominators due to missing data.