Table 1.

Testicular germ cell markers.

Cell type	Marker
Germ cell general	VASA (48) h
Gonocytes	ZBTB16 (49) m,h
Undifferentiated type A spermatogonia (single)	ID4 (50) m; CSF1R (51) m
Undifferentiated type A spermatogonia (single and paired)	EFR3 (52) m
Undifferentiated type A spermatogonia (single, paired and aligned)	THY1 (53) m; UTF1 (54) m; PLZF (55) m; LIN28 (TEX17) (56) m; NGN3 (57) m; NANOS3 (52) m; CD24 (53) m; GFRalpha1 (57) m; CDH1 (58) m; GPR125 (59) m; SOHLH2 (60) m; RET (61) m; BCL6B (62) m; SOX3 (63) m; SALL4 (64) p
Spermatogonia (general)	HSP60 (65) h; MAGEA-4 (66) h; UCHL1 (PGP9.5) (66) h; ITGA6 (alpha6 integrin) (66) h; ZBTB16 (66) h, (49) m,h; Kit (36) m
Pachytene spermatocytes	testis specific histone (TH2B)(67) r; phosphoprotein P19 (68) r; SPTRX-3 (69) h
Spermatocytes (general)	SCP-3 (70) b, (71) h; GRP78 (65) h; Kit (66) h; MLH1 (71) h
Round spermatids	Transition proteins T1, T2 (72,73) h; protamine 2 (PRM-2) (74); CREM (75) h,m; GRP78 (65) h; Kit (66) h
Elongated spermatids	CRES (76) h
Spermatids (general)	SPANX (a subset) (77) h; KLF4 (78) h; SPTRX-3 (69) h; SP-10 (79) h; TGFbeta3 (80) h
Sperm	outer dense fibers (ODF-2) (70); acrosin (81) b; SPANX (77); HSP60 (65) h; GRP78 (65) h; CRES (76) h; DAZ2 (82) h

m, mouse; r, rat; d, dog; b, bovine; p, non-human primate; h, human.