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Non-obstructive azoospermia classification
| Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism |
| •Low FSH, Low LH, Low testosterone |
| •Congenital: Kallmann syndrome (hypothalamic GnRH deficiency) |
| •Acquired: Pituitary tumors |
| Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism/eugonadism |
| •High/normal FSH, Normal/high LH, Normal/low testosterone |
| •Congenital: Genetic abnormalities (Chromosomal) |
| •Acquired: |
| •Varicocele |
| •Orchitis |
| •Gonadotoxins (chemotherapy/radiation) |
| •Trauma/torsion |
| •Idiopathic |
