Table 18.
Studies examining the relationship between physical activity and osteoporosis.
| Publication Country Study Design Quality Score | Objective | Population | Methods | Outcome | Comments and Conclusions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Robitaille et al 2008 [150] | To assess the relationship between the physician- diagnosised osteoporosis and family history and examine whether osteoporosis risk factors account for this relationship. | • n = 8,073 | PA assessment: Questionnaire. Level of PA was expressed in MET (hr/wk) | Prevalence of reported osteoporosis in US women by PA level | Prevalence of osteoporosis declines with increasing PA in a dose-response manner. |
| • Sex: Women | |||||
| • Age: ≥ 20 yrs | |||||
| USA | • Characteristics: American women | ||||
| • Study: NHANES (1999-2004) | G1 = 0 | PA level (% prevalence) | |||
| Cross-sectional | G2 = <30 | • G1 = 11.0 (9.8-12.4) | |||
| G3 = ≥ 30 | • G2 = 7.1 (6.0-8.4) | ||||
| D & B score = 10 | • G3 = 3.9 (2.8-5.4) | ||||
| Muscle strengthening activities were expressed in frequency/wk Times/week | p < 0.001 | ||||
| PA level (age adjusted) | |||||
| • G1 = 8.9 (7.7-10.1) | |||||
| G1 = 0 | • G2 = 8.4 (7.3-9.7) | ||||
| G2 = <2 | • G3 = 6.2 (4.4-8.5) | ||||
| G3 = ≥ 2 | p < 0.01 | ||||
| Criteria for diagnosis of osteoporosis: Self-reported physician diagnosed | Muscle strengthening (%prevalence) | ||||
| • G1 = 8.1 (7.2-9.1) | |||||
| Chi-square | • G2 = 3.1 (1.7-5.5) | ||||
| • G3 = 7.4 (5.8-9.4) | |||||
| p < 0.001 | |||||
| Muscle strengthening (age adjusted) | |||||
| • G1 = 7.8 (6.9-8.7) | |||||
| • G2 = 6.7 (3.8-11.8) | |||||
| • G3 = 9.5 (7.6-11.9) | |||||
| p < 0.05 | |||||
| Keramat et al 2008 [151] | To assess risk factors for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women from selected BMD centers in Iran and India. | • Iran n = 363; 178 case, 185 control | Study period 2002 -- 2005 | OR (95% CI) of osteoporosis in exercisers vs. non-exercisers. Iran (age adjusted) | Exercise was shown as protective factor in both countries and it remained significant after adjustment for age weight and height in Iran. |
| • India n = 354; 203 case, 151 control | PA assessment: Questionnaire. PA was categorized as exercises, other exercises (e.g., swimming, aerobics, weight training) and walking | ||||
| Iran and India | |||||
| • Sex: Women | • Exercises = 0.4 (0.2-0.7) | ||||
| Case control | • Age: Iran Case = 58.2 (7.1) yr; Iran Control = 55.7 (6.0) yr; India Case = 58.9 (8.1) yr; India Control = 56.4 (7.5) yr | BMD assessment: DEXA | • Other exercises = 0.4 (0.2-0.6) | ||
| • Characteristics: Cases had BMD > 2.5 SD below average of young normal bone density in L1-L4 spine region and/or total femoral region. Controls had BMD < 1 SD below normal | Multinominal logistic regression | • Regular Walking = 0.5 (0.3- 0.8) | |||
| D & B score = 11 | Walking and other exercises were shown as protective factors in Iranian subjects. | ||||
| Iran (age, weight, height adjusted) | |||||
| • Exercises = 0.4 (0.2-0.7) | |||||
| • Other exercises = 0.3 (0.2-0.6) | |||||
| • Regular Walking = 0.4 (0.2- 0.8) I | |||||
| ndia (age adjusted) | |||||
| • Exercises = 0.4 (0.3-0.9) | |||||
| • Other exercises = NS | |||||
| • Regular Walking = NS | |||||
| India (age, weight, height adjusted) | |||||
| • Exercises = NS | |||||
| • Ethnicity: Indian and Iranian | • Other exercises = NS | ||||
| • Regular Walking = 0.4 (0.2- 0.8) | |||||
D & B score, Downs and Black quality score; YR, years; MET/wk, metabolic equivalent per week; G, groups; PA, physical activity; BMD, bone mineral density; SD, standard deviation; DEXA, dual energy x-ray absorptiometry; NS, not significant.