Table 1.
Main participant characteristics according to Tertiles of MSG intake
Characteristics | Total (n = 349) |
MSG intake |
P | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tertile 1 (n = 116) | Tertile 2 (n = 117) | Tertile 3 (n = 116) | |||
Median MSG intake (g/day) |
3.6 (2.3–5.25) |
1.9 (1.5–2.3) |
3.6 (3.2–4.2) |
6.0 (5.2–7.4) |
|
Women |
217 (62.2%) |
72 (62.1%) |
72 (61.5%) |
73 (62.9%) |
0.976 2 |
Age (years) |
46.0 (40.0–50.0) |
44.0 (40.0–49.0) 1 |
46.0 (40.0–51.0) |
47.0 (42.0–50.0) |
0.044 2 |
Family history of diabetes |
102 (29.2%) |
36 (31.0%) |
31 (26.5%) |
35 (30.2%) |
0.721 2 |
Smoking status |
|
|
|
|
|
Never smoked |
256 (73.3%) |
84 (72.4%) |
83 (71.0%) |
89 (76.7%) |
0.264 2 |
Former |
10 (2.9%) |
3 (2.6%) |
4 (3.4%) |
3 (2.6%) |
|
Current |
83 (23.8%) |
29 (25.0%) |
30 (25.6%) |
24 (20.7%) |
|
Physical activity/lifestyle |
|
|
|
|
|
Sedentary |
48 (13.7%) |
14 (12.1%) |
17 (14.5%) |
17 (14.7%) |
0.721 2 |
Moderately active |
70 (20.1%) |
27 (23.3%) |
19 (16.3%) |
24 (20.7%) |
|
Vigorously active |
231 (66.2%) |
75 (64.6%) |
81 (69.2%) |
75 (64.6%) |
|
Daily nutrient intake |
|
|
|
|
|
Energy intake (Kcal) |
2,032 (1,747–2,397) |
2,051 (1,758–2,381) 1 |
2,029 (1,687–2,380) |
2,017 (1,765–2,413) |
0.905 2 |
Carbohydrate (g) |
333.8 (275.8–412.3) |
342.2 (280.9–413.8) 1 |
328.1 (260.2–422.7) |
341.2 (280.8–407.2) |
0.569 2 |
Fat (g) |
33.1 (25.9–43.4) |
34.1 (26.1–42.1) 1 |
32.8 (26.3–44.2) |
31.7 (24.5–43.7) |
0.739 2 |
Total protein (g) |
81.1 (68.8–96.9) |
82.5 (70.7–97.6) 1 |
81.1 (67.6–93.0) |
70.4 (67.5–95.3) |
0.437 2 |
Metabolic parameters |
|
|
|
|
|
HOMA-IR |
2.3 (1.7–3.3) |
2.1 (1.6–2.8) 1 |
2.3 (1.6–3.3) |
2.4 (1.9–3.5) |
0.028 2 |
% HOMA-IR >3 |
96 (27.5%) |
24 (20.7%) |
33 (28.2%) |
39 (33.6%) |
0.028 3 |
Insulin (ng/dL) |
9.1 (7.0–13.2) |
8.5 (6.6–12.0) 1 |
9.0 (6.8–13.0) |
9.9 (7.5–14.1) |
0.041 2 |
Glucose (mg/dL) |
97.0 (92.0–104.0) |
97.0 (92.0–104.0) 1 |
98.0 (91.5–103.5) |
99.0 (92.0–105.0) |
0.647 2 |
% glucose >100 mg/dL |
142 (40.7%) |
40 (30.7%) |
48 (40.9%) |
54 (43.0%) |
0.062 3 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) |
137.7 (104.1–191.1) |
139.1 (95.1–197.4) 1 |
139.0 (104.0–203.1) |
134.2 (109.7–187.8) |
0.729 2 |
% Triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL |
145 (41.5%) |
48 (41.4%) |
49 (41.9%) |
48 (41.4%) |
0.996 3 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) |
53.0 (44.0–63.0) |
51.0 (41.0–62.8) 1 |
53.0 (45.0–65.0) |
53.5 (45.0–64.0) |
0.407 2 |
% HDL-C <50 mg/dL F, <40 mg/dL M |
112 (32.1%) |
44 (37.9%) |
34 (29.1%) |
34 (29.3%) |
0.160 3 |
SBP (mmHg) |
124.0 (116.0–136.0) |
124.0 (116.0–133.8) 1 |
125.0 (116.0–135.5) |
123.0 (115.3–136.8) |
0.910 2 |
DBP (mmHg) |
79.0 (72.5–86.0) |
78.0 (73.0–85.0) 1 |
80.0 (75.0–86.0) |
80.0 (71.3–87.0) |
0.503 2 |
% SBP ≥ 130 and DBP ≥ 85 mmHg |
77 (22.1%) |
21 (18.1%) |
27 (23.1%) |
29 (25.0%) |
0.206 3 |
Waist circumference (cm) |
79.0 (72.0–86.0) |
78.5 (72.6–85.0) 1 |
77.0 (71.9–86.0) |
81.0 (73.0–88.0) |
0.207 2 |
%WC >80 cm F, >90 cm M |
124 (35.5%) |
39 (33.6%) |
35 (29.9%) |
50 (43.1%) |
0.132 3 |
BMI (kg/m2) |
23.7 (21.2–26.8) |
23.5 (21.3–26.4) 1 |
23.1 (20.9–26.8) |
24.6 (21.3–27.3) |
0.308 2 |
% BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 |
130 (37.2%) |
36 (31.0%) |
41 (35.0%) |
53 (45.7%) |
0.021 3 |
Metabolic syndrome (ATP III criteria) | 83 (23.8%) | 20 (17.2%) | 27 (23.1%) | 36 (31.0%) | 0.014 3 |
1 Continuous variables are expressed as median (interquartile range).
2P value comparing the characteristics of participants across tertiles of MSG intake using chi-square test for categorical variables and by Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables.
3P values comparing prevalence of each metabolic feature across tertiles of MSG intake using the Mantel-Haenszel chi-square test for trend.
HDL-C high density lipoprotein cholesterol, F female, M male, SBP systolic blood pressure DBP diastolic blood pressure, WC Waist circumference, BMI body mass index.