Table 5.
Percentage of program participants exhibiting knowledge and confirmed use of WaterGuard, and able to demonstrate proper handwashing technique, at baseline (2007) and 3-year follow-up (2010), by health facility, Malawi*
| District | Clinic | Participants enrolled at baseline | Available at follow-up | Knows how to use WaterGuard | Positive chlorine residual in drinking water | Observed WaterGuard use (WaterGuard and positive chlorine test result) | Observed WaterGuard purchase (purchased WaterGuard, positive chlorine test result, and WaterGuard observed) | Handwashing: lathers hands completely with soap | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline 2007 | Follow-up 2010 | Baseline 2007 | Follow-up 2010 | Baseline 2007 | Follow-up 2010 | Baseline 2007 | Follow-up 2010 | Baseline 2007 | Follow-up 2010 | ||||
| Total | 389 | 232 (60) | 139 (36) | 155 (67) | 34 (9) | 117 (54) | 6 (2) | 56 (24) | 4 (1) | 49 (21) | 81 (21) | 115 (50) | |
| Blantyre | 1 | 23 | 13 (57) | 5 (22) | 6 (46) | 3 (13) | 3 (23) | 0 (0) | 1 (8) | 0 (0) | 1 (8) | 1 (4) | 6 (46) |
| 2 | 66 | 32 (48) | 31 (47) | 17 (53) | 19 (29) | 12 (38) | 4 (6) | 3 (9) | 4 (6) | 1 (3) | 25 (38) | 20 (63) | |
| 3 | 31 | 13 (42) | 13 (42) | 11 (85) | 0 (0) | 6 (46) | 0 (0) | 6 (46) | 0 (0) | 6 (46) | 7 (23) | 5 (38) | |
| 4 | 14 | 13 (93) | 5 (36) | 10 (77) | 0 (0) | 3 (23) | 0 (0) | 1 (8) | 0 (0) | 1 (8) | 1 (7) | 5 (38) | |
| 5 | 22 | 12 (55) | 8 (36) | 10 (83) | 1 (5) | 9 (75) | 0 (0) | 4 (33) | 0 (0) | 3 (25) | 2 (9) | 7 (58) | |
| 6 | 41 | 23 (56) | 22 (54) | 15 (65) | 0 (0) | 5 (22) | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | 0 (0) | 1 (4) | 5 (12) | 16 (70) | |
| 7 | 21 | 12 (57) | 11 (52) | 10 (83) | 3 (14) | 8 (67) | 0 (0) | 7 (58) | 0 (0) | 6 (50) | 3 (14) | 4 (33) | |
| 8 | 13 | 8 (62) | 3 (23) | 6 (75) | 1 (8) | 2 (25) | 0 (0) | 2 (25) | 0 (0) | 2 (25) | 3 (23) | 3 (38) | |
| Salima | 9 | 11 | 5 (45) | 0 (0) | 3 (60) | 0 (0) | 4 (80) | 0 (0) | 3 (60) | 0 (0) | 2 (40) | 0 (0) | 3 (60) |
| 10 | 30 | 24 (80) | 2 (7) | 18 (75) | 1 (3) | 12 (50) | 0 (0) | 3 (13) | 0 (0) | 2 (8) | 8 (27) | 6 (25) | |
| 11 | 11 | 5 (45) | 3 (27) | 4 (80) | 0 (0) | 5 (100) | 0 (0) | 1 (20) | 0 (0) | 1 (20) | 1 (9) | 4 (80) | |
| 12 | 17 | 16 (94) | 4 (24) | 8 (50) | 2 (12) | 14 (88) | 1 (6) | 7 (44) | 0 (0) | 7 (44) | 4 (24) | 6 (38) | |
| 13 | 11 | 9 (82) | 2 (18) | 6 (67) | 0 (0) | 4 (44) | 0 (0) | 1 (11) | 0 (0) | 1 (11) | 1 (9) | 4 (44) | |
| 14 | 27 | 15 (56) | 8 (30) | 10 (67) | 3 (11) | 12 (80) | 1 (4) | 8 (53) | 0 (0) | 8 (53) | 7 (26) | 9 (60) | |
| 15 | 51 | 32 (63) | 22 (43) | 21 (66) | 1 (2) | 18 (56) | 0 (0) | 8 (25) | 0 (0) | 7 (22) | 13 (25) | 17 (53) | |
| P for clinic-level analysis† | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||||
*
Values are no. (%).
†
Baseline and three-year follow-up results were compared by using exact test of binomial proportions.