Table 3. Multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for the prevalence of metabolic risk factors by category of nut consumption.
| Nut consumption | ||||
| <1 serving/week(n = 2796) | 1–3 servings/week(n = 2125) | >3 servings/week(n = 2289) | P for trend | |
| Obesity (BMI> = 30 kg/m 2 ); n = 7210 | ||||
| Unadjusted model | 1 (ref.) | 0.76 (0.68–0.86) | 0.57 (0.51–0.63) | <0.001 |
| Model 1 | 1 (ref.) | 0.78 (0.70–0.88) | 0.58 (0.52–0.65) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1 (ref.) | 0.80 (0.72–0.90) | 0.61 (0.54–0.68) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | 1 (ref.) | 0.80 (0.71–0.90) | 0.61 (0.54–0.68) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus; n = 7210 | ||||
| Unadjusted model | 1 (ref.) | 0.86 (0.77–0.96) | 0.81 (0.73–0.91) | 0.001 |
| Model 1 | 1 (ref.) | 0.85 (0.76–0.96) | 0.78 (0.69–0.87) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1 (ref.) | 0.86 (0.76–0.96) | 0.77 (0.69–0.86) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | 1 (ref.) | 0.91 (0.81–1.02) | 0.87 (0.78–0.99) | 0.043 |
| Hypertension; n = 7209 | ||||
| Unadjusted model | 1 (ref.) | 0.86 (0.74–1.00) | 0.89 (0.77–1.03) | 0.251 |
| Model 1 | 1 (ref.) | 0.93 (0.80–1.08) | 1.02 (0.88–1.19) | 0.580 |
| Model 2 | 1 (ref.) | 0.91 (0.78–1.06) | 1.00 (0.86–1.16) | 0.764 |
| Model 3 | 1 (ref.) | 0.91 (0.78–1.07) | 1.01 (0.87–1.19) | 0.602 |
| Atherogenic dislypidemia 1 ; n = 6602 | ||||
| Unadjusted model | 1 (ref.) | 0.81 (0.68–0.96) | 0.74 (0.62–0.88) | 0.002 |
| Model 1 | 1 (ref.) | 0.84 (0.71–1.00) | 0.81 (0.68–0.96) | 0.032 |
| Model 2 | 1 (ref.) | 0.85 (0.71–1.01) | 0.84 (0.70–0.99) | 0.083 |
| Model 3 | 1 (ref.) | 0.88 (0.74–1.05) | 0.89 (0.74–1.07) | 0.327 |
| Hypercholesterolemia (LDL-C >130 mg/dl); n = 6587 | ||||
| Unadjusted model | 1 (ref.) | 1.07 (0.95–1.20) | 1.05 (0.94–1.18) | 0.527 |
| Model 1 | 1 (ref.) | 1.07 (0.95–1.20) | 1.06 (0.941.20) | 0.396 |
| Model 2 | 1 (ref.) | 1.07 (0.95–1.20) | 1.06 (0.94–1.20) | 0.418 |
| Model 3 | 1 (ref.) | 1.05 (0.93–1.18) | 1.02 (0.90–1.16) | 0.857 |
| Metabolic syndrome 2 ; (n = 6409) | ||||
| Unadjusted model | 1 (ref.) | 0.79 (0.69–0.89) | 0.63 (0.56–0.72) | <0.001 |
| Model 1 | 1 (ref.) | 0.81 (0.72–0.93) | 0.65 (0.58–0.74) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1 (ref.) | 0.84 (0.74–0.95) | 0.68 (0.60–0.78) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | 1 (ref.) | 0.87 (0.76–0.99) | 0.74 (0.65–0.85) | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: LDL-C: low-density lipoproteins cholesterol: BMI: body mass index (kg/m2).
Defined as serum triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL associated with HDL-cholesterol <40 mg/dL in men or <50 mg/dL in women.
Metabolic syndrome and obesity were not adjusted by BMI.
Multiple logistic regression was used to assess the association between frequency of nut intake and cardiovascular risk factors.
Multiple logistic regression taking into an account the median of each category of nut consumption was used to generate the P for linear trend.
Model 1 was adjusted for: age (years), sex, geographic recruitment area and BMI (kg/m2).
Model 2 was additionally adjusted for smoking status (never, former or current smoker), leisure time physical activity (MET-min/day) and education level (primary or illiterate, secondary and university).
Model 3 was additionally adjusted for energy intake (kcal/day) and adherence to the Mediterranean diet (13-point score). In case of hypercholesterolemia this model was additionally adjusted by treatment with statins.
Extremes of total energy intake were excluded.