Table 4. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for components of metabolic syndrome by category of nut consumption.
| Nut consumption | ||||
| <1 serving/week(n = 2796) | 1–3 servings/week(n = 2125) | >3 servings/week(n = 2289) | P for trend | |
| Abdominal obesity; n = 6999 | ||||
| Unadjusted model | 1 (ref.) | 0.84 (0.73–0.96) | 0.58 (0.51–0.65) | <0.001 |
| Model 1 | 1 (ref.) | 0.87 (0.76–0.99) | 0.58 (0.51–0.66) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1 (ref.) | 0.92 (0.80–1.06) | 0.64 (0.56–0.72) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | 1 (ref.) | 0.96 (0.83-1.10) | 0.68 (0.60–0.79) | <0.001 |
| Hypertriglyceridemia; n = 6611 | ||||
| Unadjusted model | 1 (ref.) | 0.84 (0.74–0.96) | 0.87 (0.76–0.98) | 0.067 |
| Model 1 | 1 (ref.) | 0.84 (0.74–0.96) | 0.90 (0.79–1.02) | 0.216 |
| Model 2 | 1 (ref.) | 0.86 (0.75–0.97) | 0.92 (0.81–1.05) | 0.427 |
| Model 3 | 1 (ref.) | 0.87 (0.76–0.99) | 0.96 (0.84–1.09) | 0.862 |
| Reduced HDL-C; n = 6617 | ||||
| Unadjusted model | 1 (ref.) | 0.92 (0.81–1.04) | 0.80 (0.70–0.90) | <0.001 |
| Model 1 | 1 (ref.) | 0.94 (0.82–1.06) | 0.86 (0.75–0.97) | 0.018 |
| Model 2 | 1 (ref.) | 0.97 (0.85–1.10) | 0.90 (0.79–1.03) | 0.121 |
| Model 3 | 1 (ref.) | 1.00 (0.88–1.14) | 0.98 (0.86–1.12) | 0.740 |
| Elevated blood pressure; n = 6585 | ||||
| Unadjusted model | 1 (ref.) | 0.92 (0.69–1.24) | 1.01 (0.75–1.36) | 0.843 |
| Model 1 | 1 (ref.) | 1.00 (0.74–1.34) | 1.17 (0.87–1.58) | 0.259 |
| Model 2 | 1 (ref.) | 0.96 (0.71–1.29) | 1.13 (0.83–1.53) | 0.368 |
| Model 3 | 1 (ref.) | 0.96 (0.71–1.29) | 1.12 (0.81–1.53) | 0.411 |
| Elevated fasting glucose; n = 6539 | ||||
| Unadjusted model | 1 (ref.) | 0.79 (0.69–0.89) | 0.84 (0.74–0.95) | 0.047 |
| Model 1 | 1 (ref.) | 0.80 (0.70–0.91) | 0.84 (0.74–0.95) | 0.034 |
| Model 2 | 1 (ref.) | 0.80 (0.70–0.91) | 0.83 (0.73–0.94) | 0.024 |
| Model 3 | 1 (ref.) | 0.85 (0.74–0.96) | 0.95 (0.83–1.08) | 0.845 |
Model 1 was adjusted for: age (years), sex, geographic recruitment area and BMI (kg/m2). The abdominal obesity component of the metabolic syndrome was not adjusted by BMI.
Model 2 was additionally adjusted for smoking status (never, former or current smoker), leisure time physical activity (MET-min/day) and education level (primary or illiterate, secondary and university).
Model 3 was additionally adjusted for energy intake (kcal/day) and adherence to the Mediterranean diet (13-point score).
Extremes of total energy intake were excluded.