Table 1. Clinical and demographic characteristics of the mothers.
| Maternal characteristics | Percentage or Mean (SD) |
| Higher Education (>12 years) | 86.5% |
| Primipara | 44% |
| Smokers (daily) | 1% |
| Age | 31 (3.5) |
| Pre pregnancy Height (cm)/weight (kg) | 168/66 |
| GWG (kg)*** | 10.6 (3.1) |
| BMI (kg/m2) * | 23.9 (3.7) |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/l) ** | 4.0 (0.4) |
| Insulin (pmol/l) ** | 43 (25) |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l)** | 2.01 (0.65) |
| Free fatty acids (mmol/l) ** | 0.44 (0.13) |
| Cholesterol – total (mmol/l)** | 6.96 (1.2) |
| Cholesterol – HDL (mmol/l)** | 1.71 (0.37) |
| Blood pressure (visit 1) mmHg* | 111/68 (9/8) |
| Placental weight (g) | 703 (161) |
| Complications: | |
| Hypertension/preeclampsia# | 7/5 (3.4%/2.4%) |
| GDM (WHO)## | 9 (4.3%) |
*
Visit 1 (weeks 14–16).
**
Visit 3 (weeks 30–32).
***
Gestational weight gain from 14–16 to 36–38 weeks.
#
Blood pressure ≥140/90 with/without proteinuria (≥1+ on dipstick).
##
Gestational diabetes based on WHO criteria (75 g oral glucose tolerance test and corresponding 2 h- glucose value ≥7.8 mmol/l).