Table 1. Effect of sugar availability on diabetes prevalence rates worldwide.

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
	Diabetes prevalence (%)	Diabetes prevalence (%)	Diabetes prevalence (%)	Diabetes prevalence (%)	Diabetes prevalence (%)
Log GDP per capita	0.94**	0.86*	0.95*	1.00*	1.07*
	(0.33)	(0.37)	(0.37)	(0.40)	(0.48)
Change in log GDP	1.02	2.08	1.77	0.46	1.88
	(0.97)	(1.26)	(2.39)	(2.59)	(2.54)
Urbanization	0.048**	0.022	0.0048		0.016
	(0.015)	(0.013)	(0.011)		(0.011)
Aging	0.17*	0.11	0.039		0.049
	(0.067)	(0.081)	(0.075)		(0.085)
Total kilocalories		0.0010	0.00031	0.00079	0.00075
		(0.00056)	(0.00052)	(0.0012)	(0.0011)
Obesity			0.10***	0.094***	0.081***
			(0.024)	(0.022)	(0.021)
Sugar				0.0058**	0.0072***
				(0.0019)	(0.0020)
Fiber				0.00042	0.0011
				(0.0015)	(0.0014)
Fruit				0.00053	0.00011
				(0.0023)	(0.0024)
Meat				0.0032	0.0015
				(0.0023)	(0.0022)
Cereal				0.0014	0.0017
				(0.0013)	(0.0012)
Oils				0.00060	0.0018
				(0.0016)	(0.0018)
Countries	173	160	152	141	137
R 2	0.27	0.31	0.44	0.54	0.55

Food components are expressed in kilocalories/person/day, such that each row displays the impact on diabetes prevalence of a 1 kilocalorie/person/day increase in the availability of the given food category (e.g., a 1 kilocalorie/person/day rise in sugar relates to a 0.0072% rise in diabetes prevalence). Urbanization refers to the percentage of the population living in urban areas. Aging is the percentage of the population 65 years of age and older. Obesity is the percentage of the population with BMI at least 30 kg/m².

Robust standard errors in parentheses.

^*p < 0.05, ^** p < 0.01, ^*** p < 0.001