Figure 1. Inbreeding depression for each of 6 traits (± SE) (a: ‘Developmental time’, b: ‘Egg-to-adult viability’, c: ‘Heat knock down resistance’, d: ‘Chill coma recovery time’, e: ‘Critical thermal minimum (CTmin)’, f: ‘Desiccation resistance’).

Data are split into 4 groups: tropical females (TF), tropical males (TM), widespread females (WF) and widespread males (WM). Horisontal lines represent averages for each of the 4 groups (TF, TM, WF, WM). The species are: D. bipectinata (bipect), D. birchii (birc), D. bunnanda (bunn), D. hydei (hydei), D. melanogaster (mel), D. pseudoananassae (ps), D. repleta (rep), D. serrata (ser), D. simulans (sim) and D. sulfurigaster (sulf). See ‘Materials and methods’ for a description of each assay.