Table 3. Characteristics of Chinese and Japanese participants by birthplace.
| Characteristics | Chinese | Japanese | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|||||
| US born (n=68) | Foreign born (n=152) | Pab | US born (n=124) | Foreign born (n=110) | Pab | |
| Age (years) | 45.7 (2.3) | 46.1 (2.7) | 0.72 | 46.0 (2.7) | 46.4 (2.6) | 1.0 |
| Height (cm) | 159.6 (5.2) | 157.1 (5.5) | 0.02 | 157.0 (4.8) | 157.2 (4.7) | 1.0 |
| Weight (kg) | 60.1 (11.8) | 57.1 (9.9) | 0.49 | 59.1 (9.7) | 54.2 (7.2) | <0.001 |
| BMI | ||||||
| BMI<22 (%) | 46.4 | 41.9 | 0.54 | 34.7 | 56.9 | 0.01 |
| 22≤BMI<25 (%) | 23.2 | 38.9 | – | 35.5 | 30.3 | – |
| 25≤BMI (%) | 30.4 | 19.2 | – | 29.8 | 12.8 | – |
| Menopause status | ||||||
| Premenopausal (%) | 59.4 | 62.1 | 0.83 | 59.7 | 68.2 | 1.0 |
| Early perimenopausal (%) | 40.6 | 38.0 | – | 40.3 | 31.8 | – |
| Smoking Status | ||||||
| Never smoked (%) | 83.6 | 98.7 | <0.001 | 57.7 | 69.7 | 0.99 |
| Ex-smoker (%) | 14.9 | 0.7 | – | 26.8 | 21.1 | – |
| Current smoker (%) | 1.5 | 0.7 | – | 15.5 | 9.2 | – |
| Physical activity | ||||||
| More active (%) | 52.3 | 29.8 | 0.03 | 52.5 | 53.6 | 1.0 |
| Less active (%) | 47.7 | 70.2 | – | 47.5 | 46.4 | – |
| Medications (none vs. any) | ||||||
| Oral steroid (%) | 1.5 | 0 | 0.81 | 0.8 | 0 | 1.0 |
| Supplementary vitamin D (%) | 32.4 | 25.8 | 0.81 | 46.3 | 46.4 | 1.0 |
| Supplementary calcium (%) | 42.7 | 34.4 | 0.81 | 57.7 | 56.4 | 1.0 |
| Femoral neck BMD (g/cm2) | 0.79 (0.10) | 0.76 (0.10) | 0.33 | 0.76 (0.09) | 0.77 (0.10) | 1.0 |
| FNAL (cm) | 17.6 (0.9) | 17.3 (0.8) | 0.34 | 17.3 (0.9) | 17.5 (0.9) | 1.0 |
| FNW (cm) | 2.64 (0.15) | 2.62 (0.20) | 0.83 | 2.76 (0.18) | 2.81 (0.18) | 0.50 |
| Age at immigration (years) | – | 26.9 (9.2) | – | – | 25.9 (10.5) | – |
| <10 (%) | – | 4.0 | – | – | 12.7 | – |
| 10–20 (%) | – | 17.9 | – | – | 6.4 | – |
| 20–30 (%) | – | 39.1 | – | – | 40.0 | – |
| 30–40 (%) | – | 29.1 | – | – | 35.5 | – |
| >40 (%) | – | 9.9 | – | – | 5.5 | – |
For continuous variables, mean and standard deviations are shown. The percentages may not add up to 100 because of rounding errors
BMI body mass index, FNW femoral neck width, FNAL femoral neck axis length
a
p values are calculated using chi-square test (or Fisher's exact test if any expected cell frequency is 5 or less) for categorical variables or t test for continuous variables
b
p values are adjusted for multiple testing using Hommel's method