. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Apr 1.

Published in final edited form as: Osteoporos Int. 2011 Sep 17;23(4):1381–1390. doi: 10.1007/s00198-011-1723-x

Table 4. Differences in unadjusted and multiply-adjusted mean of hip strength indices in Japanese and Chinese women by birthplace.

	Birthplace	CSI (g/kg-m)		BSI (g/kg-m)		ISI (g/kg-m)

		US born (reference)	Foreign born	US born (reference)	Foreign born	US born (reference)	Foreign born
Chinese	Model 1	3.5	−0.01 (−0.17, 0.16)	0.53	+0.006 (−0.022, 0.033)	0.39	−0.002 (−0.022, 0.019)
	Model 2	3.3	−0.04 (−0.19, 0.10)	0.50	+0.003 (−0.024, 0.029)	0.36	−0.007 (−0.024, 0.010)
	Model 3	3.6	−0.02 (−0.18, 0.14)	0.57	+0.005(−0.024, 0.035)	0.39	−0.004 (−0.023, 0.015)
Japanese	Model 1	3.6	+0.42 (0.27, 0.56)^a	0.58	+0.074 (0.046, 0.102)^a	0.40	+0.050 (0.034, 0.067)^a
	Model 2	3.4	+0.26 (0.13, 0.39)^a	0.55	+0.050 (0.023, 0.077)^a	0.38	+0.032 (0.017, 0.047)^a
	Model 3	4.0	+0.26 (0.13, 0.40)^a	0.62	+0.048 (0.020, 0.077)^a	0.45	+0.033 (0.018, 0.049)^a

Model 1, unadjusted; model 2, adjusted for menopause status, BMI categories, age, DXA scanner type, and study site; model 3, adjusted for menopause status, BMI categories, age, smoking status, physical activity, medication use (oral steroid, supplementary vit D, and calcium), DXA scanner type, and study site

BMI body mass index, CSI compression strength index, BSI bending strength index, ISI impact strength index

Significant difference between foreign born and US born at 0.1% level