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Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria dominate the microbial composition of all penguin species. While Fusobacteria, is also dominant in gentoo and king penguins. However, the composition of the microbiota differs between penguins. Fecal DNA was amplified using genetic primers targeting the V2–V3 region by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR amplicons were then sequenced on the GS FLX Titanium Sequencer.
