. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Mar 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Mol Med (Berl). 2013 Jan 19;91(3):297–309. doi: 10.1007/s00109-013-0998-0

Table 1.

Pulmonary vascular remodeling characteristics found in human (class 1 and 3) and various animal models of pulmonary hypertension

Species		Medial Hypertrophy	Intimal Proliferation	Alveolar Muscularity	Occlusive Lesions	Proximal Stiffening	Acute Reduction of P_pa by ROCK inhibitor
Class
Human	Class 1: PAH	++	++	++	Yes	Yes	+
Human	Class 3: lung disease and/or hypoxia	+	+	+	No
Model
Rat	CH	++	−	+	No	Yes	+++
	MCT	+++	+	+	No		+++
	MCT/pneumonectomy	+	+	+	Yes		++
	SU5416/hypoxia	+++	+	+	Yes		+
	Fawn-hooded	+++	+	+	No		+++
Murine	CH (C56B6/J)	−	−	+	No	Yes	+
	SU5416/hypoxia	+	+	+	Yes
	SERT overexpressing	++	−	+			++
	BMPR2^+/−	+	−	+	No

PAH, pulmonary arterial hypertension; CH, chronic hypoxia; MCT, monocrotaline; SERT, serotonin transporter; BMPR2, bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2; P_pa, mean pulmonary artery pressure; yes, characteristic is present; no, characteristic is not present; +, ++, +++, indicates degree of remodeling characteristic relative to other models; −, indicates no/minimal evidence of remodeling characteristic.