Figure 3.

Predicting resilience in the Swim Stress Paradigm. Top: A scatter plot characterizing the ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) of the rats in the swim stress group recorded during stress exposure. Rats were categorized as USV-High rats (black squares) or USV-Low (black circles). USV-High rats produced a large number of long-duration vocalizations while USV-Low rats emitted few, short-duration vocalizations. Plotted are the number of ultrasonic vocalizations vs. the average duration of the vocalizations for each rat. Bottom: Mean (±SEM) time to escape in the swim escape test (SET). Rats in the USV-Low group displayed a detriment in learning while the USV-High group appeared resilient and performed similarly to the no stress control group. The no stress group was exposed to the swim stress apparatus, but was never exposed to swim (adapted from Drugan et al., 2009).