Table 1.
Characteristics at baseline for 425 midlife women participating in SWAN Pittsburgh Mental Health Study according to cumulative depression and anxiety disorder status at final annual study visit
|
All (N=425) |
Ever lifetime depressive and anxiety disorder (N=97, 22.8%) |
Ever lifetime depressive disorder (N=162, 38.1%) |
Ever lifetime anxiety disorder (N=21, 4.9%) |
Never lifetime depressive or anxiety disorder (N=145, 34.1%) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (mean, SD) | 45.6 (2.5) | 45.0 (2.4) | 45.8 (2.4) | 45.2 (2.2) | 45.7 (2.7) |
| Race, N (%) | |||||
| Caucasian | 278 (65.4) | 66 (68.0) | 107 (66.0) | 15 (71.4) | 90 (62.1) |
| African-American | 147 (34.6) | 31 (32.0) | 55 (34.0) | 6 (28.6) | 55 (37.9) |
| Marital status, N (%) | |||||
| Married | 281 (66.1) | 66 (68.0) | 96 (59.3) | 14 (66.7) | 105 (72.4) |
| Never married | 54 (12.7) | 9 (9.3) | 22 (13.6) | 3 (14.3) | 20 (13.8) |
| Separated/widowed/Divorced | 90 (21.2) | 22 (22.7) | 44 (27.1) | 4 (19.0) | 20 (13.8) |
| Employed, N (%) | 364 (85.6) | 78 (80.4) | 139 (85.8) | 19 (90.5) | 128 (88.3) |
| Education status, N (%) | |||||
| High school or less | 100 (23.5) | 18 (18.5) | 30 (18.5) | 9 (42.9) | 43 (29.7) |
| Some college | 158 (37.2) | 35 (36.1) | 69 (42.6) | 7 (33.3) | 47 (32.4) |
| College graduate | 72 (16.9) | 21 (21.7) | 27 (16.7) | 2 (9.5) | 22 (15.2) |
| More than college | 95 (22.4) | 23 (23.7) | 36 (22.2) | 3 (14.3) | 33 (22.8) |
| Menopause status, N (%) | |||||
| Premenopausal | 224 (52.7) | 50 (51.6) | 82 (50.6) | 10 (47.6) | 82 (56.6) |
| Early perimenopausal | 201 (47.3) | 47 (48.4) | 80 (49.4) | 11 (52.4) | 63 (43.4) |
| Lifetime history of depression or anxiety prior to study entry, N (%) ** | 220 (51.8) | 88 (90.7) | 121 (74.7) | 11 (52.4) | N/A |
| Upsetting life event, N (%) ‡ | 222 (52.4) | 62 (63.9) | 95 (58.6) | 7 (33.3) | 58 (40.3) |
| Medical illness prior to study entry, N (%) € | |||||
| None | 136 (32.0) | 22 (22.7) | 47 (29.0) | 8 (38.1) | 59 (40.7) |
| One | 143 (33.6) | 32 (33.0) | 53 (32.7) | 7 (33.3) | 51 (35.2) |
| Two or more | 146 (34.4) | 43 (44.3) | 62 (38.3) | 6 (28.6) | 35 (24.1) |
| Mental health treatment prior to study entry, N (%) ** a | 187 (44.0) | 68 (70.1) | 89 (54.9) | 4 (19.1) | 26 (17.9) |
| VMS at study entry, N (%) * | 172 (40.6) | 51 (52.6) | 69 (42.6) | 8 (38.1) | 44 (30.6) |
| Sleep disturbance at study entry, N (%) † | 132 (31.1) | 42 (43.3) | 50 (30.9) | 6 (28.6) | 34 (23.4) |
VMS = vasomotor symptoms, defined as report of hot flashes and/or night sweats during the previous 2 weeks.
Sleep disturbance is defined categorically as trouble falling asleep, waking up several times at night, and/or waking up earlier than planned and unable to fall asleep again for ≥3 nights per week during previous 2 weeks
*
p=0.007,
†
p=0.013,
‡
p=0.0002,
**
p<0.0001,
€
p=0.02 between-group differences.
a
Mental health treatment includes use of psychotropic medications and/or psychotherapy/counseling.