Table 1.
Frequency or mean (SD) of selected characteristics and dietary intakes among colorectal cancer cases and controls (n = 2,022)
| Characteristic | Casesa (n = 989) |
Controlsa (n = 1,033) |
P-Valueb | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | % | No. | % | ||
| Male (%) | 493 | 49.9 | 516 | 50.0 | 0.963 |
| Race (% non-white) | 33 | 3.3 | 23 | 2.2 | 0.128 |
| Education (%) | |||||
| < High school | 110 | 11.1 | 47 | 4.6 | <0.001 |
| High school/some college | 644 | 65.3 | 633 | 61.3 | |
| College graduate/advanced degree | 233 | 23.6 | 352 | 34.1 | |
| BMI (%)c | |||||
| <25 | 91 | 21.9 | 213 | 29.3 | <0.001 |
| 25-29.9 | 139 | 33.5 | 264 | 36.4 | |
| ≥30 | 185 | 44.6 | 249 | 34.3 | |
| Smoking status (%) | |||||
| Never | 459 | 46.4 | 484 | 46.9 | 0.030 |
| Former | 426 | 43.1 | 404 | 39.1 | |
| Current | 104 | 10.5 | 145 | 14.0 | |
| Past regular NSAID use (% yes)d | 466 | 47.1 | 571 | 55.3 | <0.001 |
| Vigorous physical activity (% > 1 hour/week) |
264 | 26.7 | 392 | 38.0 | <0.001 |
| Family history of colorectal cancer (% yes) | 173 | 17.5 | 125 | 12.1 | <0.001 |
| Stage (%) | |||||
| Early stage | 400 | 40.4 | -- | -- | -- |
| Late stage | 481 | 48.6 | -- | -- | |
| Unknown | 108 | 10.9 | -- | -- | |
| Multivitamin/mineral use (% yes)e | 409 | 41.4 | 445 | 43.1 | 0.433 |
| Supplemental calcium use (% yes)e | 204 | 20.6 | 246 | 23.8 | 0.085 |
| Supplemental vitamin D use (% yes)e | 99 | 10.0 | 108 | 10.5 | 0.742 |
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||||
| Age (yr) | 61.4 (11.1) | 66.5 (12.1) | <0.001 | ||
| Dietary intakes f | |||||
| Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 1,870 (871) | 1,781 (762) | 0.116 | ||
| Alcohol (g/day) | 9.3 (30.5) | 9.7 (25.2) | <0.001 | ||
| Fruits and vegetables (servings/1,000 kcal) | 3.1 (1.8) | 3.4 (1.9) | <0.001 | ||
| Dairy products (servings/1,000 kcal) | 0.87 (0.56) | 0.83 (0.50) | 0.231 | ||
| Whole grains (servings/1,000 kcal) | 0.62 (0.58) | 0.67 (0.63) | 0.086 | ||
| Saturated fat (g/1,000 kcal) | 12.8 (3.4) | 12.7 (3.5) | 0.241 | ||
| Fiber (g/1,000 kcal) | 9.2 (3.5) | 9.9 (3.5) | <0.001 | ||
| Total folate (dietary folate equivalents) | 808 (377) | 832 (381) | 0.109 | ||
| Total calcium (mg) | 934 (430) | 1,012 (489) | <0.001 | ||
| Total vitamin D (mcg) | 10.5 (7.4) | 11.4 (8.3) | 0.023 | ||
Abbreviations are as follows: BMI, body mass index (kg/m2); NSAID, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
Numbers were smaller for some risk factors due to missing data.
P-values for differences in means were calculated with t tests and differences in proportions were calculated with χ2 tests.
Weight (kg)/height (m)2.
NSAID use is defined as ever having been a regular user (≥ 3 time/week for at least 1 year prior to the interview for controls and diagnosis for cases).
Supplement use was defined as use ≥ 1 time/week for at least 1 year prior to the interview for controls and diagnosis for cases.
Dietary intakes of folate, vitamin D, and calcium were energy-adjusted by the residual method and then combined with supplemental intake; other dietary variables without supplemental intakes were energy-adjusted by the nutrient density method.