Table 5.
Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for colorectal cancer and poultry by cooking method and doneness level
| Quintile of intakea |
P-Trend |
P-heterogeneity between subsitesc |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|||||||||||
| Q1b | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | |||||||
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||||
| Grilled/barbequed, g/1,000 kcal | |||||||||||
| Total colorectal cancer | |||||||||||
| No. of cases | 716 | 273 | |||||||||
| Age-, sex-, and energy-adjusted | 1 | 0.93 | 0.76, 1.23 | 0.442 | __ | ||||||
| Multivariabled | 1 | 0.98 | 0.80, 1.20 | 0.524 | __ | ||||||
| Colon cancere | |||||||||||
| No. of cases | 518 | 175 | |||||||||
| Age-, sex-, and energy-adjusted | 1 | 0.86 | 0.69, 1.08 | 0.196 | __ | ||||||
| Multivariable | 1 | 0.91 | 0.72, 1.15 | 0.424 | __ | ||||||
| Rectal cancer | |||||||||||
| No. of cases | 193 | 96 | |||||||||
| Age-, sex-, and energy-adjusted | 1 | 1.07 | 0.81, 1.42 | 0.636 | 0.218 | ||||||
| Multivariable | 1 | 1.15 | 0.86, 1.54 | 0.338 | 0.175 | ||||||
| Proximal colon cancerf | |||||||||||
| No. of cases | 334 | 82 | |||||||||
| Age-, sex-, and energy-adjusted | 1 | 0.67 | 0.50, 0.89 | 0.005 | __ | ||||||
| Multivariable | 1 | 0.70 | 0.53, 0.94 | 0.017 | __ | ||||||
| Distal colon cancer | |||||||||||
| No. of cases | 166 | 87 | |||||||||
| Age-, sex-, and energy-adjusted | 1 | 1.15 | 0.86, 1.55 | 0.344 | 0.005 | ||||||
| Multivariable | 1 | 1.22 | 0.91, 1.66 | 0.188 | 0.004 | ||||||
| Pan-fried, g/1,000 kcal | |||||||||||
| Total colorectal cancer | |||||||||||
| No. of cases | 504 | 485 | |||||||||
| Age-, sex-, and energy-adjusted | 1 | 1.03 | 0.86, 1.23 | 0.758 | __ | ||||||
| Multivariable | 1 | 0.97 | 0.80, 1.16 | 0.702 | __ | ||||||
| Total colon cancer | |||||||||||
| No. of cases | 359 | 334 | |||||||||
| Age-, sex-, and energy-adjusted | 1 | 1.00 | 0.82, 1.23 | 0.970 | __ | ||||||
| Multivariable | 1 | 0.94 | 0.77, 1.16 | 0.574 | __ | ||||||
| Total rectal cancer | |||||||||||
| No. of cases | 144 | 145 | |||||||||
| Age-, sex-, and energy-adjusted | 1 | 1.05 | 0.81, 1.37 | 0.717 | 0.946 | ||||||
| Multivariable | 1 | 0.97 | 0.74, 1.27 | 0.836 | 0.940 | ||||||
| Proximal colon cancer | |||||||||||
| No. of cases | 229 | 187 | |||||||||
| Age-, sex-, and energy-adjusted | 1 | 0.87 | 0.69, 1.11 | 0.263 | __ | ||||||
| Multivariable | 1 | 0.81 | 0.64, 1.04 | 0.095 | __ | ||||||
| Distal colon cancer | |||||||||||
| No. of cases | 113 | 140 | |||||||||
| Age-, sex-, and energy-adjusted | 1 | 1.31 | 0.99, 1.72 | 0.061 | 0.066 | ||||||
| Multivariable | 1 | 1.23 | 0.93, 1.63 | 0.148 | 0.053 | ||||||
| Microwaved/baked, g/1,000 kcal g | |||||||||||
| Total colorectal cancer | |||||||||||
| No. of cases | 213 | 237 | 207 | 170 | 162 | ||||||
| Age-, sex-, and energy-adjusted | 1 | 1.18 | 0.90, 1.56 | 1.03 | 0.78, 1.36 | 0.88 | 0.66, 1.17 | 0.89 | 0.66, 1.19 | 0.093 | __ |
| Multivariable | 1 | 1.12 | 0.85, 1.49 | 1.00 | 0.75, 1.33 | 0.89 | 0.66, 1.19 | 0.85 | 0.63, 1.15 | 0.097 | __ |
| Total colon cancer | |||||||||||
| No. of cases | 157 | 174 | 143 | 104 | 115 | ||||||
| Age-, sex-, and energy-adjusted | 1 | 1.19 | 0.88, 1.60 | 0.97 | 0.71, 1.32 | 0.74 | 0.53, 1.02 | 0.88 | 0.64, 1.22 | 0.098 | __ |
| Multivariable | 1 | 1.14 | 084, 1.54 | 0.94 | 0.69, 1.29 | 0.74 | 0.53, 1.04 | 0.85 | 0.61, 1.19 | 0.097 | __ |
| Total rectal cancer | |||||||||||
| No. of cases | 55 | 61 | 62 | 64 | 47 | ||||||
| Age-, sex-, and energy-adjusted | 1 | 1.16 | 0.77, 1.76 | 1.15 | 0.76, 1.75 | 1.23 | 0.81, 1.87 | 0.93 | 0.60, 1.45 | 0.481 | 0.868 |
| Multivariable | 1 | 1.09 | 0.71, 1.67 | 1.11 | 0.73, 1.70 | 1.26 | 0.82, 1.92 | 0.89 | 0.57, 1.40 | 0.476 | 0.862 |
| Proximal colon cancer | |||||||||||
| No. of cases | 103 | 99 | 89 | 61 | 64 | ||||||
| Age-, sex-, and energy-adjusted | 1 | 1.03 | 0.73, 1.47 | 0.92 | 0.64, 1.32 | 0.67 | 0.45, 0.99 | 0.77 | 0.52, 1.13 | 0.063 | __ |
| Multivariable | 1 | 0.98 | 0.68, 1.39 | 0.89 | 0.62, 1.28 | 0.66 | 0.45, 0.99 | 0.75 | 0.50, 1.11 | 0.074 | __ |
| Distal colon cancer | |||||||||||
| No. of cases | 49 | 68 | 52 | 39 | 45 | ||||||
| Age-, sex-, and energy-adjusted | 1 | 1.46 | 0.96, 2.22 | 1.11 | 0.72, 1.73 | 0.86 | 0.54, 1.38 | 1.04 | 0.66, 1.65 | 0.373 | 0.230 |
| Multivariable | 1 | 1.43 | 0.93, 2.18 | 1.08 | 0.69, 1.69 | 0.88 | 0.55, 141 | 0.99 | 0.62, 1.57 | 0.300 | 0.229 |
| Broiled, g/1,000 kcal | |||||||||||
| Total colorectal cancer | |||||||||||
| No. of cases | 841 | 148 | |||||||||
| Age-, sex-, and energy-adjusted | 1 | 0.95 | 0.74, 1.23 | 0.702 | __ | ||||||
| Multivariable | 1 | 0.97 | 0.75, 1.25 | 0.805 | __ | ||||||
| Total colon cancer | |||||||||||
| No. of cases | 591 | 102 | |||||||||
| Age-, sex-, and energy-adjusted | 1 | 0.91 | 0.69, 1.21 | 0.530 | __ | ||||||
| Multivariable | 1 | 0.93 | 0.69, 1.23 | 0.593 | __ | ||||||
| Total rectal cancer | |||||||||||
| No. of cases | 245 | 44 | |||||||||
| Age-, sex-, and energy-adjusted | 1 | 0.99 | 0.69, 1.43 | 0.958 | 0.674 | ||||||
| Multivariable | 1 | 1.01 | 0.70, 1.47 | 0.943 | 0.608 | ||||||
| Proximal colon cancer | |||||||||||
| No. of cases | 349 | 67 | |||||||||
| Age-, sex-, and energy-adjusted | 1 | 1.00 | 0.72, 1.40 | 0.979 | __ | ||||||
| Multivariable | 1 | 1.02 | 0.73, 1.43 | 0.899 | __ | ||||||
| Distal colon cancer | |||||||||||
| No. of cases | 222 | 31 | |||||||||
| Age-, sex-, and energy-adjusted | 1 | 0.76 | 0.50, 1.15 | 0.188 | 0.201 | ||||||
| Multivariable | 1 | 0.76 | 0.50, 1.16 | 0.198 | 0.158 | ||||||
| Rare/medium, g/1,000 kcal | |||||||||||
| Total colorectal cancer | |||||||||||
| No. of cases | 771 | 262 | |||||||||
| Age-, sex-, and energy-adjusted | 1 | 0.92 | 0.74, 1.13 | 0.413 | __ | ||||||
| Multivariable | 1 | 0.99 | 0.78, 1.23 | 0.923 | __ | ||||||
| Total colon cancer | |||||||||||
| No. of cases | 532 | 161 | |||||||||
| Age-, sex-, and energy-adjusted | 1 | 0.96 | 0.76, 1.22 | 0.759 | __ | ||||||
| Multivariable | 1 | 1.04 | 0.82, 1.32 | 0.776 | __ | ||||||
| Total rectal cancer | |||||||||||
| No. of cases | 227 | 62 | |||||||||
| Age-, sex-, and energy-adjusted | 1 | 0.84 | 0.61, 1.15 | 0.265 | 0.309 | ||||||
| Multivariable | 1 | 0.91 | 0.66, 1.26 | 0.563 | 0.369 | ||||||
| Proximal colon cancer | |||||||||||
| No. of cases | 331 | 85 | |||||||||
| Age-, sex-, and energy-adjusted | 1 | 0.81 | 0.61, 1.09 | 0.161 | __ | ||||||
| Multivariable | 1 | 0.87 | 0.65, 1.17 | 0.349 | __ | ||||||
| Distal colon cancer | |||||||||||
| No. of cases | 181 | 72 | |||||||||
| Age-, sex-, and energy-adjusted | 1 | 1.23 | 0.90, 1.67 | 0.194 | 0.019 | ||||||
| Multivariable | 1 | 1.32 | 0.96, 1.81 | 0.084 | 0.026 | ||||||
| Well-done/charred, g/1,000 kcal | |||||||||||
| Total colorectal cancer | |||||||||||
| No. of cases | 230 | 255 | 197 | 173 | 134 | ||||||
| Age-, sex-, and energy-adjusted | 1 | 1.05 | 0.80, 1.37 | 0.86 | 0.65, 1.13 | 0.79 | 0.59, 1.04 | 0.69 | 0.51, 0.93 | 0.003 | __ |
| Multivariable | 1 | 0.99 | 0.75, 1.31 | 0.85 | 0.64, 1.14 | 0.79 | 0.59, 1.05 | 0.72 | 0.53, 0.97 | 0.014 | __ |
| Total colon cancer | |||||||||||
| No. of cases | 167 | 185 | 136 | 114 | 91 | ||||||
| Age-, sex-, and energy-adjusted | 1 | 1.02 | 0.76, 1.37 | 0.81 | 0.60, 1.10 | 0.73 | 0.53, 1.00 | 0.68 | 0.49, 0.94 | 0.004 | __ |
| Multivariable | 1 | 0.97 | 0.72, 1.32 | 0.81 | 0.59, 1.10 | 0.72 | 0.52, 1.00 | 0.69 | 0.49, 0.98 | 0.014 | __ |
| Total rectal cancer | |||||||||||
| No. of cases | 60 | 68 | 59 | 59 | 43 | ||||||
| Age-, sex-, and energy-adjusted | 1 | 1.13 | 0.75, 1.68 | 0.98 | 0.65, 1.50 | 0.98 | 0.65, 1.47 | 0.77 | 0.50, 1.20 | 0.139 | 0.573 |
| Multivariable | 1 | 1.06 | 0.70, 1.59 | 0.98 | 0.64, 1.49 | 1.00 | 0.66, 1.52 | 0.82 | 0.52, 1.29 | 0.326 | 0.505 |
| Proximal colon cancer | |||||||||||
| No. of cases | 92 | 123 | 84 | 72 | 45 | ||||||
| Age-, sex-, and energy-adjusted | 1 | 1.22 | 0.86, 1.73 | 0.93 | 0.64, 1.34 | 0.86 | 0.59, 1.26 | 0.64 | 0.42, 0.98 | 0.006 | __ |
| Multivariable | 1 | 0.74 | 0.49, 1.12 | 0.69 | 0.45, 1.06 | 0.56 | 0.36, 0.87 | 0.67 | 0.43, 1.05 | 0.015 | __ |
| Distal colon cancer | |||||||||||
| No. of cases | 69 | 55 | 49 | 39 | 41 | ||||||
| Age-, sex-, and energy-adjusted | 1 | 0.77 | 0.51, 1.15 | 0.71 | 0.47, 1.07 | 0.58 | 0.37, 0.89 | 0.66 | 0.43, 1.02 | 0.069 | 0.950 |
| Multivariable | 1 | 0.74 | 0.49, 1.12 | 0.69 | 045, 1.06 | 0.56 | 0.36, 0.87 | 0.67 | 0.43, 1.05 | 0.105 | 0.993 |
a
Categories of poultry intake were as follows: grilled/barbequed (any vs. no consumption); pan-fried (any vs. no consumption); microwaved/baked (g/1,000 kcal), quintile 1 (< 0.25), quintile 2 (0.25-2.35), quintile 3 (2.36-6.22), quintile 4 (6.23-14.1), quintile 5 (> 14.1); broiled (any vs. no consumption); rare/medium (any vs. no consumption); well-done/charred (g/1000 kcal), quintile 1 (< 0.94), quintile 2 (0.94-4.78), quintile 3 (4.78-10.5), quintile 4 (10.6-20.3), quintile 5 (> 20.3).
b
Referent quintile.
c
Effect heterogeneity was evaluated between colon and rectal cancer and proximal and distal colon cancer.
d
ORs were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, past regular NSAID use, and intakes of fruits and vegetables, total energy, and red meat.
e
7 cases lacked anatomical subsite information.
f
24 cases had colon cancer in overlapping sites or not otherwise specified colon sites.
g
Grilled/barbequed, pan-fried, broiled, and rare/medium poultry were dichotomous variables (any or no consumption) due to more than 50 percent zero values in each category of poultry.