Figure 3.

Rhamnogalacturonan II (RG-II) signals through Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), derived from wild-type (WT, TLR2 and TLR4 knockout (KO mice), were unstimulated or stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 200 ng ml⁻¹) or RG-II (0.5 or 1 mg ml⁻¹) for 24 h. (a) Flow cytometric analysis of CD86 and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II surface expression. (b) Bar charts represent the mean±s.e.m. of the percentages of positive DCs expressing CD86 or MHC class II. *P<0.05; **P<0.01. (c) BMDCs (3 × 10⁶ cells) derived from WT and TLR4 KO mice were stimulated with RG-II (0.5 mg ml⁻¹) for 30 min. Whole-cell lysates were probed for the phosphorylated forms of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 mitogen-induced protein kinase (MAPK) by western blotting. α-Tubulin served as a protein-loading control. Results are representative of two independent experiments.