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. 2013 Feb 22;6:40. doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-40

Table 4.

Associations between Blastocystis infection and risk factors among different Orang Asli tribes

 
 Proto-Malay (n = 150)
 Negrito (n = 139)
 Senoi (n = 211)
 Variables No. examined Infected (%) OR
 p-value No. examined Infected (%) OR
 p-value No. examined Infected (%) OR
 p-value
(95% CI) (95% CI) (95% CI)
Age (years)
 <15
 59
 16.9
 1.65 (0.64,4.26)
 0.294
 72
 22.2
 1.08 (0.48,2.43)
 0.849
 90
 26.7
 1.21 (0.64,2.67)
 0.557
 ≥15
 91
 11.0
 1
  
 67
 20.9
 1
  
 121
 23.1
 1
Gender
 Female
 84
 14.3
 1.21 (0.46,3.15)
 0.699
 73
 21.9
 1.04 (0.46,2.34)
 0.920
 124
 26.6
 1.30 (0.68,2.48)
 0.428
 Male
 66
 12.1
 1
  
 66
 21.2
 1
  
 87
 21.8
 1
Drinking untreated water
 Yes
 9
 44.4
 6.25 (1.52,25.70)
 0.019a,b
 79
 28.0
 2.79 (1.10,7.03)
 0.026a,b
 144
 29.2
 2.35 (1.10,5.03)
 0.025a,b
 No
 141
 11.3
 1
  
 60
 12.3
 1
  
 67
 14.9
 1
Bathing and washing in the river
 Yes
 7
 14.3
 1.09 (0.12,9.54)
 0.939
 63
 28.6
 2.13 (0.94,4.86)
 0.068
 73
 20.5
 0.71 (0.36,1.40)
 0.315
 No
 143
 13.3
 1
  
 76
 15.8
 1
  
 138
 26.8
 1
Not washing hands after playing with soil or gardening
 Yes
 27
 11.5
 0.82 (0.22,3.04)
 0.767
 91
 22.0
 1.07 (0.46,2.52)
 0.876
 79
 32.9
 2.00 (1.06,3.78)
 0.031a
 No
 123
 13.7
 1
  
 48
 20.8
 1
  
 132
 19.7
 1
Presence of domestic animals
 Yes
 120
 14.2
 1.49 (0.41,5.44)
 0.548
 70
 16.7
 0.61 (0.26,1.45)
 0.261
 119
 27.7
 1.45 (0.77,2.81)
 0.237
 No
 30
 10.0
 1
  
 69
 24.7
 1
  
 92
 20.7
 1
Indiscriminate defecation
 Yes
 7
 14.3
 1.09 (0.12,9.54)
 0.939
 91
 23.1
 1.30 (0.54,3.11)
 0.555
 94
 23.4
 0.89 (0.47,1.67)
 0.708
 No
 143
 13.3
 1
  
 48
 18.8
 1
  
 117
 25.6
 1
Sewage disposal
 Outdoor
 21
 9.5
 0.65 (0.14,3.03)
 0.580
 106
 21.7
 1.03 (0.40,2.67)
 0.953
 113
 24.8
 1.02 (0.54,1.90)
 0.961
 Common drainage
 129
 14.0
 1
  
 33
 21.2
 1
  
 98
 24.5
 1
Eating with hands
 Yes
 70
 12.0
 0.79 (0.31,2.04)
 0.631
 105
 22.4
 1.25 (0.46,3.40)
 0.657
 153
 22.6
 0.67 (0.34,1.32)
 0.247
 No
 80
 14.7
 1
  
 34
 18.8
 1
  
 58
 30.4
 1
Consuming raw vegetables
 Yes
 63
 12.7
 0.91 (0.35,2.37)
 0.846
 113
 24.6
 3.74 (0.83,16.89)
 0.068
 62
 23.1
 0.88 (0.46,1.76)
 0.724
 No
 87
 13.8
 1
  
 26
 8.0
 1
  
 149
 25.3
 1
Eating fresh fruits
 Yes
 129
 14.7
 3.46 (0.44,27.28)
 0.213
 122
 19.7
 0.45 (0.15,1.34)
 0.142
 144
 21.0
 0.62 (0.33,1.17)
 0.139
 No
 21
 4.8
 1
  
 17
 35.3
 1
  
 67
 29.9
 1
Father’s education
 Non-educated (<6 yrs)
 54
 14.8
 1.00 (0.27,3.67)
 1.000
 68
 26.5
 2.04 (0.53,7.79)
 0.290
 100
 28.0
 1.33 (0.52,3.44)
 0.551
 Educated (>6 yrs)
 27
 14.8
 1
  
 20
 15.0
 1
  
 31
 22.6
 1
Mother’s education
 Non-educated (<6 yrs)
 53
 18.9
 3.02 (0.61,14.89)
 0.158
 77
 22.1
 0.50 (0.13,1.90)
 0.298
 102
 30.4
 2.73 (0.88,8.50)
 0.075
 Educated (>6 yrs)
 28
 7.1
 1
  
 11
 36.4
 1
  
 29
 13.8
 1
Working mothers
 Yes
 45
 15.6
 1.14 (0.33,3.95)
 0.834
 33
 25.8
 1.18 (0.43,3.25)
 0.753
 75
 28.0
 1.17 (0.53,2.56)
 0.701
 No
 36
 13.9
 1
  
 55
 22.8
 1
  
 56
 25.0
 1
Household members
 ≥8
 32
 12.5
 0.91 (0.28,2.94)
 0.876
 63
 25.4
 1.51 (0.67,3.39)
 0.320
 76
 22.4
 0.82 (0.42,1.60)
 0.565
 <8
 118
 13.6
 1
  
 76
 18.4
 1
  
 135
 25.9
 1
Household monthly income
 <RM500
 17
 17.6
 1.46 (0.38,5.62)
 0.578
 115
 24.3
 3.54 (0.78,16.01)
 0.083
 128
 23.4
 0.85 (0.45,1.60)
 0.613
 >RM500
 133
 12.8
 1
  
 24
 8.3
 1
  
 83
 26.5
 1
Other family members infected with Blastocystis
 Yes
 18
 61.1
 21.48 (6.70,68.82)
 <0.001a,b
 33
 48.5
 6.19 (2.55,14.98)
 <0.001a,b
 65
 49.2
 6.11 (3.10,12.03)
 <0.001a,b
 No 132 6.8 1   106 13.2 1   146 13.7 1

RM = Malaysian Ringgit; (US$100 = RM307.85) [1st February 2013].

Reference group marked as OR = 1 [OR = Odds Ratio].

CI = Confidence interval.

a Significant association (p < 0.05).

b Variables were confirmed by multivariate analysis as significant risk factors.