Table 1.
Comparison of HIV-infected children with and without visually obvious lipoatrophy
| Children with lipoatrophy N=36 | Children without lipoatrophy N=64 | Univariate p-value (two-tailed) | Multivariate p-value (two-tailed)a | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nadir absolute CD4 before ART initiation with standard deviation (SD) |
681 (493) |
886 (650) |
0.29 |
– |
| Nadir CD4% before ART initiation (SD) |
14% (8%) |
19% (8%) |
>0.05 |
– |
| Maximum WHO clinical stage ever reached: 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 |
25% / 11% / 39% / 25% |
17% / 9% / 46% / 28% |
0.78 |
– |
| Median age at antiretroviral therapy (ART) |
24 (9 – 43) |
19 (9 – 37) |
0.74 |
– |
| initiation, with inter-quartile range (IQR) | ||||
| Median age at recruitment (months) (IQR) |
89 (71 – 112) |
71 (50 – 92) |
0.001 |
0.75 |
| Gender: Male / Female |
21 (58%) / 15 (42%) |
31 (48%) / 33 (52%) |
0.41 |
– |
| Mean weight for age Z-score (SD) |
−1.1 (1.1) |
−0.9 (1.1) |
0.39 |
– |
| Mean height for age Z-score (SD) |
−1.3 (1.2) |
−1.4 (1.1) |
0.49 |
– |
| Mean body mass index Z-score (SD) |
−0.62 (1.00) |
−0.04 (1.08) |
0.008 |
– |
| Absolute CD4 at recruitment (SD) |
1296 (598) |
1223 (631) |
0.57 |
– |
| CD4% at recruitment (SD) |
35% (7%) |
32% (9%) |
0.03 |
0.34 |
| Mean current log10 viral load (SD) |
1.98 (0.45) |
2.23 (0.83) |
0.10 |
– |
| Proportion on 2nd line therapy, defined as switch of ≥2 antiretroviral drugs |
8% |
6% |
0.58 |
– |
| Any antiretroviral exposure, median months (IQR) |
56 (44 – 75) |
43 (25 – 60) |
0.002 |
0.52 |
| Stavudine, median months (IQR) |
41 (27 – 48) |
30 (7 – 49) |
0.02 |
0.002b |
| Lamivudine, median months (IQR) |
52 (41 – 72) |
41 (25 – 58) |
0.01 |
0.66 |
| Lopinavir/r, median months (IQR) |
26 (0 – 56) |
36 (6 – 51) |
0.58 |
0.82 |
| Efavirenz, medianc months (IQR) | 0 (0 – 44) | 0 (0 – 4) | 0.003 | 0.48 |
a Variables with dashes were not included in the multivariate model.
b Adjusted odds ratio: 1.9 (95% CI: 1.3 - 2.9) for each additional year of accumulated exposure.
c Since fewer than half of the subjects in each group had been exposed to efavirenz, the median efavirenz exposure in both groups was 0 months. Mean efavirenz exposure was 23 months in HIV positive with lipoatrophy versus 7 months in HIV positive without lipoatrophy.