Table 2.
Mean energy and nutrient intake and dietary adequacy among Inuvialuit women of childbearing age: smokers versus non-smokers
|
Nutrients |
Smokers |
Non-Smokers |
|
Smokers |
Non-smokers |
|
|
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | P-value | % below AMDR† | P-value | AMDR† | ||
| Energy (kJ) |
15664.9 |
7723.7 |
14673.3 |
6962.2 |
0.66 |
21.7 |
15.9 |
0.50 |
7536 |
| % energy carbohydrate |
48.7 |
12.7 |
45.3 |
12.8 |
0.29 |
30.4 |
34.8 |
0.80 |
45-65 |
| % energy from fat |
27.1 |
6.8 |
28.2 |
7.6 |
0.35 |
17.4 |
17.4 |
1.00 |
20-35 |
| % energy protein |
15.3 |
5.9 |
15.5 |
5.5 |
0.72 |
15.9 |
21.7 |
0.50 |
10-35 |
| |
Mean |
SD |
Mean |
SD |
P-value |
% below EAR* |
P-value |
EAR* |
|
| Carbohydrate (g) |
436.0 |
218.0 |
384.0 |
237.0 |
0.17 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
| Fat (g) |
110.0 |
59.0 |
104.0 |
53.0 |
0.87 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
| Protein (g) |
140.0 |
80.0 |
130.0 |
67.0 |
0.78 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
| Sugar (g) |
237.0 |
130.0 |
202.0 |
186.0 |
0.08 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
| Fibre (g)‡ |
22.7 |
14.7 |
22.4 |
10.9 |
0.84 |
65.2 |
69.6 |
0.80 |
25.0‡ |
| Poly-unsaturated fat (g) |
17.1 |
11.3 |
16.3 |
8.1 |
1.0 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
| Omega 3 (g) |
1.8 |
1.1 |
1.7 |
1.0 |
0.9 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
| Omega 6 (g) |
16.7 |
14.6 |
16.4 |
8.4 |
0.36 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
| Cholesterol (mg) |
460.0 |
237.0 |
426.0 |
242.0 |
0.4 |
- |
- |
- |
ALAP§ |
| Alcohol |
67.1 |
128.3 |
75.5 |
145.0 |
0.79 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
| % energy from alcohol |
9.3 |
14.8 |
11.5 |
19.7 |
0.85 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
| Vitamin BI (mg) |
2.6 |
1.4 |
2.8 |
2.4 |
0.79 |
4.4 |
4.4 |
1.00 |
0.9 |
| Vitamin B2 (mg) |
4.4 |
2.1 |
4.4 |
3.1 |
0.35 |
69.0 |
23.0 |
0.44 |
0.9 |
| Vitamin B3 (mg) |
39.1 |
20.8 |
41.4 |
32.9 |
0.81 |
1.5 |
4.4 |
- |
11.0 |
| Vitamin B5 (mg)‡ |
10.8 |
5.4 |
9.2 |
4.8 |
0.24 |
21.7 |
7.3 |
0.11 |
53.0‡ |
| Vitamin B6 (mg) |
2.9 |
1.7 |
3.3 |
3.2 |
0.91 |
5.8 |
17.4 |
0.10 |
1.1 |
| Vitamin B-12 (μg) |
14.2 |
10.4 |
16.8 |
13.6 |
0.65 |
0 |
1.5 |
1.00 |
2.0 |
| Folate (μg) || |
469.0 |
249.0 |
417.0 |
154.0 |
0.48 |
30.4 |
39.1 |
0.45 |
320.0 |
| Vitamin C (mg) |
261.0 |
214.0 |
219.0 |
279.0 |
0.15 |
10.1 |
17.4 |
0.45 |
60.0 |
| Vitamin A (RAE) (μg) ∞ |
421.0 |
324.0 |
418.0 |
330.0 |
0.97 |
26.1 |
30.4 |
0.79 |
500.0 |
| Vitamin D (μg) | |
275.0 |
259.0 |
232.0 |
183.0 |
0.34 |
76.8 |
73.9 |
0.78 |
10.0 |
| Vitamin E (mg) ¶ |
3.2 |
6.6 |
3.2 |
2.6 |
0.13 |
97.1 |
100.0 |
1.00 |
12.0 |
| Magnesium (g)‡ |
394.0 |
173.0 |
358.0 |
148.0 |
0.32 |
23.2 |
34.8 |
0.28 |
265.0‡ |
| Potassium (g)‡ |
4.3 |
1.9 |
3.8 |
1.6 |
0.31 |
63.8 |
69.6 |
0.8 |
4.7‡ |
| Sodium (mg)‡ |
5.12 |
2.9 |
5.06 |
2.9 |
0.92 |
4.4 |
4.4 |
1.00 |
1.5‡ |
| Iron (mg) |
26.4 |
16.2 |
23.0 |
12.3 |
0.54 |
7.3 |
4.4 |
1.00 |
8.1 |
| Calcium (mg) |
1442.4 |
921.6 |
1295.6 |
743.9 |
0.44 |
39.1 |
23.2 |
0.20 |
800.0 |
| Selenium (μg) |
177.0 |
107.0 |
146.0 |
74.1 |
0.31 |
4.4 |
0.0 |
0.57 |
45.0 |
| Zinc (mg) | 20.0 | 11.2 | 18.1 | 10.0 | 0.53 | 5.8 | 13.0 | 0.17 | 6.8 |
†Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR) estimated amounts of energy needed to maintain energy balance for women aged ≥19 y.
*Adequacy was determined using the Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) levels for women aged 19–50 y.
‡Adequate Intake (AI) levels for women aged 19–50 y.
§As low as possible.
||Dietary Folate Equivalent.
∞Retinol Activity Equivalents.
|As cholecalciferol.
¶As α–tocopherol.