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. 2013 Feb 28;9(2):e1003295. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003295

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© 2013 Hemani et al

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited.

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Top row: G-P maps. 1. Independent additive effects at locus A and B; 2. Dominant pattern of canalisation; 3. Recessive pattern of canalisation; 4–6. Patterns generated by a genetic algorithm optimising for maximised additive variance and long-term survival at intermediate frequency. Middle row: Expected allele frequency trajectories for G-P maps under selection, as derived deterministically, with initial frequencies of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9 enumerated over both loci. Frequencies on the -axis correspond to alleles a/b. Only one colour appears for patterns 1–3 because the trajectories of both alleles are identical. Bottom row: The path of allele frequencies as observed through stochastic simulations of populations comprising 1000 individuals and at generation 0, with initial allele frequencies at both loci of 0.5.

Inline graphic — Top row: G-P maps. 1. Independent additive effects at locus A and B; 2. Dominant pattern of canalisation; 3. Recessive pattern of canalisation; 4–6. Patterns generated by a genetic algorithm optimising for maximised additive variance and long-term survival at intermediate frequency. Middle row: Expected allele frequency trajectories for G-P maps under selection, as derived deterministically, with initial frequencies of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9 enumerated over both loci. Frequencies on the -axis correspond to alleles a/b. Only one colour appears for patterns 1–3 because the trajectories of both alleles are identical. Bottom row: The path of allele frequencies as observed through stochastic simulations of populations comprising 1000 individuals and at generation 0, with initial allele frequencies at both loci of 0.5.