Table 4. Effects of male gender on outcomes in patients with acute biliary pancreatitis^a.

Outcomes	Men (n = 6,628), %	Women (n = 6,482), %	Adjusted OR (95% CI)
			Model 1	Model 2
Hospital mortality	1.8	1.1	1.86 (1.25–2.77)b	1.81 (1.15–2.86)c

OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.

^aUnivariable and multivariable logistic regression models were performed with and without considering the cluster effect of hospitals using Generalized Estimating Equations models.

In model 1, adjusted covariates included age, year of admission, urbanization, hospital level, and Charlson Comorbidity Index (0, 1, 2, 3+), imaging studies (i.e., computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging) and individual severity criteria (including intensive care unit admission, gastrointestinal bleeding, local complication and organ failure). In model 2, additional covariates included endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, cholecystectomy, total parenteral nutrition, hemodialysis and mechanical ventilation and length of hospital stay.

^b p value  = 0.002.

^c p value  = 0.010.