RootScape, a landmark-based allometric model for integrative quantification of RSA. Twenty landmarks were used to describe the RSA: six primary landmarks (green; 1, 2, 6, 12, 14, and 16) placed at recognizable positions of the RSA and 14 secondary landmarks (red) spaced evenly between the primary landmarks. A, RootScape template of 20 landmarks. B, RSA of a 12-d-old seedling. C, RootScape applied on the same seedling.