Table 2.

Research Design and Methods Based on CBPR Conceptual Model

	Survey Design	Case Study Design
Purpose	To quantify the variability of community-engaged research and to identify associations among constructs in the model between Contexts, CBPR Partnership Dynamics, Intervention and Research Design, and Outcomes.	To probe more deeply into similarities and differences across diverse partnerships. To link stakeholder interpretations and actions to historical–cultural– political contexts, to selection of research methods, and to implementation of interventions to better understand partnering contributions to diverse outcomes.
Examples of Hypotheses and Research Questions	The more a project is aligned with CBPR principles, the better the system and capacity outcomes, i.e., intervention sustainability, community capacity, or policy/practice changes. The more resources are shared among partners, the better the system and capacity outcomes. The more a partnership integrates local beliefs, the more the project will fit within local social structures and will support cultural renewal.	Which contextual factors most affect partnership functioning and ability to produce CBPR and health outcomes? What is the relationship between structural characteristics, such as formal agreements; and relational characteristics, such as trust and decision making, in building effective partnerships? How does power affect partnerships? Which researcher characteristics most matter to assure effective partnerships?
Data Collection Methods	Two Internet Surveys: “Key informant” for PI (15 min) and “Community engagement” for PI, 1 other key academic representative, and 2 community partners (30 min)	Predominantly Qualitative Academic and community stakeholder interviews (8–12), and focus groups (1–2) Observation of partnership meeting Document review Historical timelines of partnership within community Brief partner survey
Sample	N = 318 Inclusion: Universe of federally funded CBPR research projects in 2009 RePORTer database + 30 NARCH projects, with at least 2 years of additional funding Exclusion: Pilot, RO3, R21, and Training Grants	6–7 Case Studies Inclusion: Diverse partnerships (by race/ethnicity/other social identity) with community advisory structures; a minimum history of 3 years; evidence of ongoing intervention or policy research. To explore governance, comparisons between AI/AN and non-AI/AN communities.
Select Instrument Questions	PI Key Informant Survey Questions: Specific roles, distribution of funds, formal agreements, diversity of teams, etc. Community Engagement Survey: Perceptions on context, e.g., governance and capacity; group dynamics, e.g., alignment with CBPR principles, trust, power, decision making, and leadership); and outcomes (e.g., system/capacity changes, sustainability, cultural renewal, and health outcomes).	Focus Group and Interview Questions: Importance of different contexts, partner motivations and actions related to CBPR project, impacts of partnering and community and cultural context on research and intervention design, and on capacities, policies, and other outcomes.
Analyses	Confirmatory factor analysis for measurement and hierarchical modeling for testing hypotheses. With a 60% minimum response rate, the 190 partnerships (including 950 individuals) allow power effect size of .80 given the planned data analyses.	Using Atlas.ti, identify codes from existing model constructs and from emerging themes grounded in the data Triangulate with quantitative data to create a critical analysis of participatory research processes and outcomes.