Table 4.
Vision Screening Results for Distance and Near Vision and Contrast Sensitivity by MMSE Score and Number of Eye Conditions
| Characteristic | MMSE a | # Eye Conditions | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| >23 (N=84) | ≤ 23 (N=57) | 0–1 (N=132) | 2+ (N=12) | |||||
| Better Eye | Worse Eye | Better Eye | Worse Eye | Better Eye | Worse Eye | Better Eye | Worse Eye | |
| Distance visual acuity, No. (%) | ||||||||
| 20/40 or better | 52 (65.82) | 27 (34.18) | 28 (53.85) | 12 (22.22) | 76 (62.81) | 36 (29.27) | 5 (45.45) | 4 (36.36) |
| Worse than 20/40 but better than 20/200 |
23 (29.11) | 34 (43.04) | 22 (42.31) | 31 (57.41) | 39 (32.23) | 60 (48.78) | 6 (54.55) | 5 (45.45) |
| 20/200 or worse | 4 (5.06) | 18 (22.78) | 2 (3.85) | 11 (20.37) | 6 (4.96) | 27 (21.95) | --- | 2 (18.18) |
| Distance visual acuity, | ||||||||
| logMAR, mean (SD) | 0.32 (0.32) | 0.57 (0.41) | 0.33 (0.28) | 0.60 (0.39) | 0.31 (0.30) | 0.58 (0.40) | 0.39 (0.30) | 0.59 (0.41) |
| Near visual acuity, No. (%) | ||||||||
| 20/40 or better | 45 (55.56) | 27 (33.33) | 21 (39.62) | 11 (20.75) | 63 (51.22) | 36 (29.27) | 4 (33.33) | 3 (25.00) |
| Worse than 20/40 but better than 20/200 |
33 (40.74) | 34 (41.98) | 28 (52.83) | 30 (56.60) | 54 (43.9) | 58 (47.15) | 7 (58.33) | 6 (50.00) |
| 20/200 or worse | 3 (3.70) | 20 (24.69) | 4 (7.55) | 12 (22.64) | 6 (4.88) | 29 (23.58) | 1 (8.33) | 3 (25.00) |
| Near visual acuity, logMAR, mean (SD) |
0.36 (0.27) | 0.62 (0.44) | 0.43 (0.30) | 0.66 (0.42) | 0.37 (0.28) | 0.63 (0.43) | 0.53 (0.32) | 0.69 (0.43) |
| Contrast sensitivity, No. (%) | ||||||||
| ≥ 1.80 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ≥1.50 but <1.80 | 29 (39.73) | 9 (12.33) | 12 (25.53) | 4 (8.51) | 39 (35.14) | 13 (11.71) | 2 (20.00) | --- |
| ≥ 1.20 but <1.50 | 33 (45.21) | 28 (38.36) | 21 (44.68) | 18 (38.30) | 50 (45.05) | 45 (40.54) | 5 (50.00) | 2 (20.00) |
| ≥ 0.90 but <1.20 | 8 (10.96) | 16 (21.92) | 10 (21.28) | 13 (27.66) | 16 (14.41) | 24 (21.62) | 2 (20.00) | 5 (50.00) |
| ≥0.60 but <0.90 | 2 (2.74) | 9 (12.33) | 2 (4.26) | 4 (8.51) | 3 (2.70) | 11 (9.91) | 1 (10.00) | 2 (20.00) |
| ≥ 0.30 but <0.60 | 1 (1.37) | 2 (2.74) | 1 (2.13) | 2 (4.26) | 2 (1.80) | 4 (3.60) | --- | --- |
| <0.30 | --- | 9 (12.33) | 1 (2.13) | 6 (12.77) | 1 (0.90) | 14 (12.61) | --- | 1 (10.00) |
| Contrast sensitivity, log | ||||||||
| sensitivity, mean (SD) | 1.39 (0.24) | 1.06 (0.48) | 1.26 (0.33) | 1.02 (0.47) | 1.35 (0.28) | 1.05 (0.48) | 1.22 (0.24) | 0.97 (0.40) |
a
Mini Mental State Exam, normal range 24–30, ≤23 indicates cognitive impairment