Alzheimer’s disease

Neurocognitive measures of memory performance19

Reduced brain electrophysiological EEG activity20

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Structural brain imaging: reduced right prefrontal gray matter and left occipital gray and white matter21

Functional brain imaging: prefrontal cortex and cerebellum deficits22

Neuropsychological measures of inhibition23 and processing speed24

Autism

Neuropsychological measures of social cognition25,26

Anxiety disorder

Functional brain imaging: greater amygdala and insula activation to emotional faces27

Temperament traits: negative affectivity/neuroticism, positive affectivity, behavioral inhibition, effortful control28,29

Neuropsychological measures of attentional bias toward stimuli relating to threats and negative emotions28

Bipolar disorder

Structural brain imaging: alterations in gray and white matter30,54

Neurophysiology: auditory P300; P50 sensory gating31,32,69

Neuropsychological measures of executive function, verbal learning and memory,33 facial-emotion processing,34 deficits in ventral prefrontal cortex– related inhibitory processes,35 attention36

Temperament traits: affective temperament37

Major depression

Neuropsychological measures of cognitive function38

Temperament trait: neuroticism28,39

Clinical characteristics: number of episodes, duration of episodes, high levels of impairment, recurrent thoughts of death or suicide40

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Structure brain-imaging: structural variation in brain systems related to motor inhibitory control;41 white matter abnormalities in parietal and frontal regions42

Neuropsychological and functional MRI measures of cognitive flexibility and motor inhibition43

Schizophrenia

Structural brain imaging: smaller intracranial volumes,44 frontal and temporal gray matter reductions,45 hippocampal volume reduction46

Neurophysiology: auditory P300, sensory-gating, eye-movement deficits31,47,70,80

Functional brain imaging: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex dysfunction18

Neuropsychological measures of attention, executive function, working memory, processing speed47

Clinical features: thought disorder,48 schizotypal personality disorder49

Substance-related disorders

Neurophysiology: resting EEG, visual P300 event-related potential50,51