Table 1.
Epigenetic modifications associated with stress
|
Stressor |
Sex |
Behavioral |
Physiological |
Epigenetic modifications |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| effects | effects | |||
| Paternal Stress |
Male and female |
· Pro-depressant behavior in FST (both sexes) [53] |
· Increased basal CORT (males) [53] |
· Hypothesized but not examined. |
| |
|
· Decreased sucrose preference (males) [53] |
· Decreased VEGF (males) [53] |
|
| |
|
· Increased anxiety like behavior (both sexes) [53] |
|
|
| |
|
· Increased locomotor activity (males) [53] |
|
|
| |
|
· Increased social avoidance (males) [53] |
|
|
| Gestational stress (PND 1-7) |
Male and female |
· Pro-depressant behavior in TST (males F1 [46] and F2 generation [32]) |
· Increased CORT response to stress (males-F1) [46] |
· Decreased methylation of CRF promoter region [46] |
| |
|
· Pro-depressant behavior in FST [46] (males) |
· Increased CRF expression in central amygdala [46] |
· Increased methylation in GR promoter region [46] |
| |
|
· Altered navigation strategy for Barnes maze [48] |
· Decreased GR in regions of hippocampus [46] |
· Dysmasculinzed HDAC expression [32] |
| Early life stress (extended separation) |
Male and female |
· Pro-depressant behavior in FST [64] |
· Increased HPA activity [64] |
· Hypomethylation of Avp in hypothalamus. [64] |
| |
|
· Decreased inhibitory avoidance [64] |
· Decreased neurogenesis [67] |
· Decreased MeCP2 binding in Avp enhancer [64] |
| |
|
· Decreased spatial learning [65] |
|
· Hypermethylation of Avp in hippocampus (males) [70] |
| |
|
|
|
· Hypomethylation of NR4a1 in hippocampus (C57BL/6 males) [70] |
| Repeated Social defeat stress |
Male |
· Social avoidance [47] |
· Changes in dendritic spine morphology in NAc [47] |
· Dnmt 3a expression increased in NAc [47] |
| |
|
· Decreased sucrose preference [54] |
· Increased CRF expression in PVN of susceptible mice [22] |
· Over expression of Dnmt 3a induced pro-depressant behaviors [47] |
| |
|
· Increased anxiety [54] |
· Decreased Bdnf in hippocampus [74] |
· Blocking DNA methylation was antidepressant [47] |
| |
|
· Alterations in metabolic function [54] |
|
· Decreased methylation of the CRF promoter in PVN [22] |
| |
|
|
|
· Increased repressive histone marks on BDNF promoters [74] |
| Sub chronic variable stress |
Male and female |
· Decreased sucrose preference (females) [56] |
· Increased basal CORT (females) [56] |
· Dnmt 3a, 3b and Dnmt1 expression increased in NAc [56] |
| |
|
· Pro-depressant behavior in Splash test (females) [56] |
|
· Altered in transcription for MBD proteins [56] |
| |
|
· Decreased latency to eat in a novel environment (females) [56] |
|
· Transcriptional and behavioral effects blocked by removal of Dnmt 3a (females) [56] |
| · Pro-depressant behavior in FST (females) [56, 57] |