Table 1.

Genetic estimates of recent exponential growth in Europe.

Study	Sample size (n)*	Time growth started (years ago)†	Initial Ne‡	Growth per generation (%)
Gravel et al. (5)	60	23,000§ (21,000–27,000)	1032 (677–1290)	0.48 (0.30–0.75)
Gutenkunst et al. (6) (including New World modeling)	22	26,400§ (21,700–30,700)	1500 (900–2200)	0.23 (0.16–0.34)
Gutenkunst et al. (6) (excluding New World modeling)	22	21,200§ (17,600–23,900)	1000 (500–1500)	0.4 (0.26–0.57)
Schaffner et al. (29)	62	8750‖	7700	0.73‖
Coventry et al. (18)	10,422	1400 (900–2800)	7700#	9.4 (4.5–14.5)

^*Number of individuals of European ancestry used for inference.

^†Number of years ago, on the basis of 25 years per generation. All studies assumed growth to continue into the present.

^‡Effective population size (N_e) before the start of the exponential growth phase.

^§Time of growth was assumed in these studies to coincide with the split of the ancestors of Europeans and East Asians, hence the split and growth were estimated as a single parameter.

^‖Fixed parameters that were not estimated from the data, and which are hence not considered in the discussion in the main text. (Growth is instantaneous to a fixed value of N_e = 100,000, which is approximately equivalent to exponential growth of 0.73% per generation.)

^#A fixed parameter, following (29).