Table 1.
Macronutrient (g/dL) and energy (kcal/dL) composition of human milk from specified references
| Author (year), n | Protein | Fat | Lactose | Energy |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (± 2 SD) | Mean (± 2 SD) | Mean (± 2 SD) | Mean (± 2 SD) | |
|
| ||||
| Term infants, 24-hour collection, mature milk | ||||
|
| ||||
| Nommsen et al (1991), n=58 | 1.2 (0.9, 1.5) | 3.6 (2.2, 5.0) | 7.4 (7.2, 7.7) | 70 (57, 83) |
|
| ||||
| Donor human milk samples | ||||
|
| ||||
| Wojcik et al (2009), n=415 | 1.2 (0.7, 1.7) | 3.2 (1.2, 5.2) | 7.8 (6.0, 9.6) | 65 (43, 87) |
|
| ||||
| Michaelsen et al (1990), n=2553 | a 0.9 (0.6, 1.4) | a 3.6 (1.8, 8.9) | a 7.2 (6.4, 7.6) | a 67 (50,115) |
|
| ||||
| Representative values of mature milk, term infants | ||||
|
| ||||
| Reference standard | 0.9 | 3.5 | 6.7 | 65 to 70 |
|
| ||||
| Preterm, 24-hour collection, first 8 weeks of life | ||||
|
| ||||
| Bauer & Gerss (2011) | ||||
| Born <29 weeks, n=52 | 2.2 (1.3, 3.3) | 4.4 (2.6, 6.2) | 7.6 (6.4, 8.8) | 78 (61, 94) |
| Born 32-33 weeks, n=20 | 1.9 (1.3, 2.5) | 4.8 (2.8, 6.8) | 7.5 (6.5, 8.5) | 77 (64, 89) |
|
| ||||
| Preterm donor milk | ||||
|
| ||||
| Hartmann (2012), n=47 | 1.4 (0.8, 1.9) | 4.2 (2.4, 5.9) | 6.7 (5.5, 7.9) | 70 (53, 87) |
a
Median (lower bound)
Nommsen et al, 1991: Davis, CA mothers at 3 months postpartum
Wojcik et al, 2009, U.S. milk bank donors
Michaelsen et al, 1990, Danish milk bank donors
Reference standard based on expert review: Pediatric Nutrition Handbook, 6th edition, Table C-1, p. 1201 (Mature Milk)
Bauer & Gerss, 2011, preterm infants 23 to 33 weeks gestational age
Hartmann (2012), Australian donor mothers of preterm infants (see article this issue by Landers and Hartmann)